Abstract: Provided are interconnect circuits and methods of forming thereof. A method may involve laminating a substrate to a conductive layer followed by patterning the conductive layer. This patterning operation forms individual conductive portions, which may be also referred to as traces or conductive islands. The substrate supports these portions relative to each other during and after patterning. After patterning, an insulator may be laminated to the exposed surface of the patterned conductive layer. At this point, the conductive layer portions are also supported by the insulator, and the substrate may optionally be removed, e.g., together with undesirable portions of the conductive layer. Alternatively, the substrate may be retained as a component of the circuit and the undesirable portions of the patterned conductive layer may be removed separately. These approaches allow using new patterning techniques as well as new materials for substrates and/or insulators.

Abstract: Provided are interconnect circuits and methods of forming thereof. A method may involve laminating a substrate to a conductive layer followed by patterning the conductive layer. This patterning operation forms individual conductive portions, which may be also referred to as traces or conductive islands. The substrate supports these portions relative to each other during and after patterning. After patterning, an insulator may be laminated to the exposed surface of the patterned conductive layer. At this point, the conductive layer portions are also supported by the insulator, and the substrate may optionally be removed, e.g., together with undesirable portions of the conductive layer. Alternatively, the substrate may be retained as a component of the circuit and the undesirable portions of the patterned conductive layer may be removed separately. These approaches allow using new patterning techniques as well as new materials for substrates and/or insulators.

Abstract: A direct injection combustion engine includes a combustion chamber, a spark plug and a shield. The combustion chamber includes a fuel intake port, an air intake port and a spark plug insertion opening. The spark plug includes a threaded shell having a firing end, a firing electrode, a ground electrode, and an insulator core nose extending substantially beyond the firing end of the threaded shell, the spark plug being installed in the opening so that the firing electrode, the ground electrode, and the insulator core nose extend into the chamber. The shield is attached to a surface of the combustion chamber and is positioned between the fuel intake port and the spark plug insertion opening and reduces the flow of fuel from the fuel intake port to the insulator core nose, including the portion of the core nose extending into the chamber, without preventing flow of fuel directly from the fuel intake port to a spark gap defined between the firing electrode and the ground electrode.

Abstract: A direct injection combustion engine includes a combustion chamber that includes a fuel intake port, an air intake port and a spark plug insertion opening. A spark plug includes a firing electrode, a ground electrode, and an insulator core nose. The spark plug is installed in the spark plug insertion opening so that the firing electrode, the ground electrode, and the insulator core nose extend into the chamber. A shield is positioned between the fuel intake port and the spark plug insertion opening and reduces the flow of fuel from the fuel intake port to the insulator core nose without preventing the flow of fuel to a spark gap formed between the firing electrode and the ground electrode.