Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for enhancing liveness in a blockchain. Various aspects may include running a first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include detecting a liveness attack in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include suspending, when the liveness attack is detected, acceptance of new blocks in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include broadcasting a preferred block and identifying a highest accepted block in the set of nodes from running the first consensus protocol based on the preferred block. Aspects may also include transitioning from the first consensus protocol to the second consensus protocol and running the second consensus protocol until a consensus value or a new accepted block is decided. Aspects may also include reinstating and resuming running the first consensus protocol based on the new accepted block.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for providing a digital credential. Various aspects may include receiving a request for execution of a transaction on a blockchain. Aspects may also include identifying a party that originated the request. Aspects may also include selecting an issuer of a non-transferable credential stored on the blockchain. Aspects may also include requesting receipt of the non-transferable credential from the party. Aspects may include performing a credential check based on a digitally signed statement comprising key pairs of the non-transferable credential.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for enhancing liveness in a blockchain. Various aspects may include running a first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include detecting a liveness attack in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include suspending, when the liveness attack is detected, acceptance of new blocks in the first consensus protocol. Aspects may also include broadcasting a preferred block and identifying a highest accepted block in the set of nodes from running the first consensus protocol based on the preferred block. Aspects may also include transitioning from the first consensus protocol to the second consensus protocol and running the second consensus protocol until a consensus value or a new accepted block is decided. Aspects may also include reinstating and resuming running the first consensus protocol based on the new accepted block.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for proposing blocks to be added to a blockchain. Various aspects may include performing adding block headers to a first blockchain, wherein the block headers reference a set of validators. Aspects may also include adding a temporal parameter to each block header. Aspects may also include determining, based on a block signature from a block header and from the set of validators, a proposer of candidate blocks for addition to the blockchain. Aspects may also include sampling, based on a temporal parameter, a subset of validators of the set of validators. Aspects may include increasing the proposer to a plurality of proposers from the subset of validators by an incremental quantity based on a comparison of the temporal parameter to a threshold.

Abstract: Various aspects of the subject technology relate to systems, methods, and machine-readable media for generating a heterogeneous network of blockchains. The method includes generating a platform blockchain having a single replicated state machine. The method includes generating at least one subnet based in part on the platform blockchain, the subnet including at least one blockchain, the generating causing bonding or burning of a base asset of the platform blockchain. The method includes specifying validators for the at least one subnet. The platform blockchain includes a source of truth for transactions across the subnets.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a first processing node configured to participate in a consensus protocol with a plurality of additional processing nodes. The first processing node is further configured in conjunction with its participation in the consensus protocol to implement repeated polling of respective selected subsets of the additional processing nodes, to resolve a state for a given transaction to a particular one of a plurality of possible states for the given transaction responsive to results of the repeated polling; and to initiate at least one automated action based at least in part on the resolved state for the given transaction. In some embodiments, the first processing node utilizes the results of the repeated polling to maintain a directed acyclic graph or other data structure of transactions that characterizes relationships between the given transaction and a plurality of other transactions.

Abstract: A system for transacting blockchain assets includes a blockchain engine with an encryption tool configured to generate multiple encryption hashes to create a sequence of encrypted data blocks storing multiple blockchain assets and transactions thereof for multiple users, a wallet tool to process user requests for asset transactions between one or more users of one or more blockchains, facilitating wallet to wallet transactions, wallet to smart contract transactions, and record-keeping, and a statistics tool to provide analytics information about the asset transactions. The system also includes a portfolio management engine with an aggregator tool to aggregate assets for each user and across one or more blockchains to provide to the statistics tool, and a smart contract tool to provide secure contracts for two or more parties involved in the asset transactions. A method for performing asset transactions in blockchains with the above system is also provided.

Abstract: A system and method for providing a litigation funding platform and exchange can include a user device that generates a litigation event, an initial litigation product offering (ILO) computer system, and a digital exchange system. The ILO system can receive the litigation event, generate (i) a litigation product contract, (ii) a master product key pair for the litigation event that includes a public and private key, and (iii) a freeze rule. The ILO system can also provide an initial offering of such tokens, receive requests to purchase the tokens, generate a plurality of the tokens, and generate a token ledger. The digital exchange system can match digital trades of the litigation product tokens using the token ledger. The digital exchange system can permit or block the trade based at least in part on whether a freeze event has been validated and invoked for the particular litigation product token.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a first processing node configured to participate in a consensus protocol with a plurality of additional processing nodes. The first processing node is further configured in conjunction with its participation in the consensus protocol to implement repeated polling of respective selected subsets of the additional processing nodes, to resolve a state for a given transaction to a particular one of a plurality of possible states for the given transaction responsive to results of the repeated polling; and to initiate at least one automated action based at least in part on the resolved state for the given transaction. In some embodiments, the first processing node utilizes the results of the repeated polling to maintain a directed acyclic graph or other data structure of transactions that characterizes relationships between the given transaction and a plurality of other transactions.