Abstract: A technique for identifying deviations in patterns of data traffic between host devices communicating over a network involves establishing a baseline traffic distribution by categorizing data traffic during a learning period. The baseline traffic distribution includes a list of categories and a metric value and a measure of variability of the metric value for each category in the list. An observed traffic distribution is generated by categorizing data traffic during an observation period. The observed traffic distribution includes a list of categories and a metric value associated with each category in the list. An alarm is generated in response to at least one of the metric values of the categories of the observed traffic distribution deviating significantly from the corresponding metric value in the baseline traffic distribution based on a pair-wise comparison of the observed metric values with respective thresholds established for corresponding categories of the baseline traffic distribution.

Abstract: A technique for identifying deviations in patterns of data traffic between host devices communicating over a network involves establishing a baseline traffic distribution by categorizing data traffic during a learning period. The baseline traffic distribution includes a list of categories and a metric value and a measure of variability of the metric value for each category in the list. An observed traffic distribution is generated by categorizing data traffic during an observation period. The observed traffic distribution includes a list of categories and a metric value associated with each category in the list. An alarm is generated in response to at least one of the metric values of the categories of the observed traffic distribution deviating significantly from the corresponding metric value in the baseline traffic distribution based on a pair-wise comparison of the observed metric values with respective thresholds established for corresponding categories of the baseline traffic distribution.

Abstract: A roofing shingle (20) comprises a web (22) having a shingle major dimension (24) and a shingle minor dimension (26). The web (22) in turn comprises a headlap portion (30) and plural tabs (32). The headlap portion (30) extends along a web first edge (34) which is parallel to the shingle major dimension. The plural tabs (32) are formed along a web second edge (36) which is parallel to the web first edge. Adjacent ones of the plural tabs (32) are separated by a cut out (40). The cut out (40) extends in the shingle minor dimension (26). As formed, each of the plural tabs (30) has a greater extent along the shingle minor dimension (26) than along the shingle major dimension (24).