Abstract: There are provided a controller, a memory system having the same, and an operating method thereof. The controller includes: a host interface configured to receive a format request from a host, and output an internal format request including initial logical unit information; and a flash translation layer configured to initialize a map table for storing information on mapping between logical and physical unit numbers according to the initial logical unit information.

Abstract: There are provided a controller, a memory system having the same, and an operating method thereof. The controller includes: a host interface configured to receive a format request from a host, and output an internal format request including initial logical unit information; and a flash translation layer configured to initialize a map table for storing information on mapping between logical and physical unit numbers according to the initial logical unit information.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a solar cell, the method including: a process of forming a first semiconductor layer on an upper surface of a semiconductor wafer and forming a second semiconductor layer, having a polarity different from a polarity of the first semiconductor layer, on a lower surface of the semiconductor wafer; a process of forming a first transparent conductive layer on an upper surface of the first semiconductor layer to externally expose a portion of the first semiconductor layer and forming a second transparent conductive layer on a lower surface of the second semiconductor layer to externally expose a portion of the second semiconductor layer; and a plasma treatment process on at least one of the first transparent conductive layer and the second transparent conductive layer, wherein the plasma treatment process includes a process of removing the externally exposed portion of the first semiconductor layer and the externally exposed portion of the second semiconduct

Abstract: A risk management system according to present invention includes a central management server including at least one processor. The processor creates a risk level assessment table based on set likelihood evaluation criteria scores and set consequence evaluation criteria scores, creates a risk factor check list based on information regarding risks and risk factors input by a user, the risks and the risk factors being provided according to tasks, creates an error log based on externally-provided raw data and first user input information, creates a discrepancy log based on externally-provided abnormal event information and second user input information, and creates a risk factor identification and evaluation table based on the risk factor check list, the error log, and the discrepancy log.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a solar cell, the method including: a process of forming a first semiconductor layer on an upper surface of a semiconductor wafer and forming a second semiconductor layer, having a polarity different from a polarity of the first semiconductor layer, on a lower surface of the semiconductor wafer; a process of forming a first transparent conductive layer on an upper surface of the first semiconductor layer to externally expose a portion of the first semiconductor layer and forming a second transparent conductive layer on a lower surface of the second semiconductor layer to externally expose a portion of the second semiconductor layer; and a plasma treatment process on at least one of the first transparent conductive layer and the second transparent conductive layer, wherein the plasma treatment process includes a process of removing the externally exposed portion of the first semiconductor layer and the externally exposed portion of the second semiconduct

Abstract: A data processing system includes a host device suitable for assigning a context identifier to data based on attribute information of the data, and a data storage device suitable for performing a garbage collection operation based on the context identifier.