Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing copper phthalocyanine pigments which comprises reacting either phthalic anhydride or its derivatives with urea and a copper-containing substance, or either phthalonitrile or its derivative with a copper-containing substance in a reaction solvent by heating characterized in that an alkylxylene ingredient having a branched C4 side-chain represented by the following formula (1) is used as the reaction solvent: ##STR1##

Abstract: A lighting circuit part (26) is provided for lighting a hollow cathode lamp (1), to feed a large lighting current (I1) intermittently and periodically across an anode and a cathode by a control signal from a control part (22) while feeding a boost current (Ib) across a boost electrode and the anode in a part of a period when the lighting current (I1) flows across the anode and the cathode. Absorbance including both of atomic absorption of a sample and background absorption is detected with light emitted when the large current (I1) is fed across the anode and the cathode with feeding of the boost current (Ib) while absorbance by background absorption of the sample is detected with light emitted when the large current (I1) is fed across the anode and the cathode with no feeding of the boost current (Ib) so that difference between these absorbance levels is obtained to obtain true atomic absorption corrected as to background absorption. Thus, measurement is made in a high S-N ratio with background correction.

Abstract: A sample transfer apparatus atomizer connected via tube to a sample receiver for micro-sampling. The sample receiver has a funnel-shaped upward opening and is connected to the tube at the base of the funnel. A control unit controls the apparatus to make sure that the sample injected into the sample receiver will be so positioned in the tube that a quantity of solvent is positioned nearer to the vaporizer than the sample, and preferably another quantity of solvent is positioned nearer to the side of the sample receiver relative to the sample. The presence of solvent in the tube positioned nearer to the vaporizer than the sample delays the sample being sucked by the vaporizer, this preventing interruption of the sample flow in the tube and making the atomic absorption waveform more stable.

Abstract: A method for producing a lower alkyl acetate in which undesirable polymerization of the starting material of olefin and deterioration of catalyst can be avoided, a higher catalytic efficiency and a higher reaction rate are attained, the installation of reaction equipment is inexpensive and the operation of the reaction can be carried out without difficulty. The method of the invention comprises the steps of feeding acetic acid and an olefin both in a liquid state and in cocurrent through a continuous flow type fixed bed reactor containing an acidic ion exchange resin catalyst(s) under the conditions that the molar ratio of acetic acid to the olefin in a feed current is in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 and an LHSV of acetic acid relative to the catalyst layer is 0.1 to 10.0 with maintaining the inlet of the catalyst bed at 70.degree. C. to 120.degree. C.; cooling the obtained reaction mixture to a temperature not lower than 70.degree. C.; and recycling it to the catalyst bed.

Abstract: A sample injector (32) with an upwardly opened sample receiving hole is connected to an atomizer (36) of a flame type atomizing means and on a burner chamber (7) a flameless type atomizing means is mounted ahead of a burner head (9). For distribution of the sample by an auto-sampler (40) it is so arranged that the nozzle is movable to the sample bottle of the auto-sampler (40) and the sample injector (32) or a sample injection hole (30) of the atomizing means placed at the measuring position. This arrangement enables injection of the sample into the atomizing means of either type by means of a common auto-sampler, this facilitating switching between the flame system and the flameless system.

Abstract: A spectrophotometer wherein in order to set the instrument to a designated wavelength, the monochromator is first set to the designated wavelength position intended to be as such on the monochromator, and the entrance and exit slits of the monochromator are widened so as to measure a beam of light having a spectrum with an emission line at the designated wavelength, and the sensitivity of the light measuring circuit is so adjusted that the output therefrom is kept at a predetermined constant level, and then the slits are narrowed, whereupon wavelength scanning is conducted over a range of wavelengths including the designated wavelength so as to detect a peak in the emission line spectrum, and then the dispersing element is set to the detected peak position.A microcomputer controls the above operation in a sequential manner.