Abstract: An X-ray tube uses a magnetic field to steer electrons. The magnetic field urges electrons toward the anode, increasing the proportion of electrons emitted from the cathode that reach desired portions of the anode and consequently contribute to X-ray production. The magnetic field also urges electrons reflected from the anode back to the anode, further increasing the efficiency of the tube.

Abstract: Apparatus for synchronizing the output pulses from a pair of magnetic switches. An electrically conductive loop is provided between the pair of switches with the loop having windlings about the core of each of the magnetic switches. The magnetic coupling created by the loop removes voltage and timing variations between the outputs of the two magnetic switches caused by any of a variety of factors. The only remaining variation is a very small fixed timing offset caused by the geometry and length of the loop itself.

Abstract: A predetermined frequency alignment signal and a white noise source signal are alternately switched through the intermediate frequency amplifier stage (IF) of the receiver being aligned. A series connected integrating capacitor and tuning meter couple between the receiver's detector output and ground potential.In operation, during the interval of white noise being applied to the IF the tuning meter is shorted and the capacitor is charged to a net voltage V.sub.n which is representative of the center frequency of the IF. When the alignment signal is applied to the IF, the tuning meter short is removed and a signal V.sub.s appears across the capacitor-meter circuit, whereby the meter reading is indicative of V.sub.s -V.sub.n which represents relative receiver alignment.