Abstract: A catalyst system includes an oxygen storage and release material that has at least one compound of the structure YMO3+?, where M is selected from Mn, Co, Cu, Ce, Ti, Ni, Zn, Fe and any combination thereof, and where ? is ?0. The oxygen storage and release material is configured to allow absorption and release oxygen depending on the conditions of a reagent stream such that sufficient oxygen is maintained for the catalytic removal of at least one of incompletely combusted hydrocarbons, CO, and NO. The catalyst system is useful in a catalytic converter such that oxygen is supplied under rich combustion conditions in an engine upstream of the catalytic converter inlet and oxygen is adsorbed and absorbed under lean rich combustion conditions in the engine.

Abstract: A catalyst system includes an oxygen storage and release material that has at least one compound of the structure YMO3+?, where M is selected from Mn, Co, Cu, Ce, Ti, Ni, Zn, Fe and any combination thereof, and where ? is ?0. The oxygen storage and release material is configured to allow absorption and release oxygen depending on the conditions of a reagent stream such that sufficient oxygen is maintained for the catalytic removal of at least one of incompletely combusted hydrocarbons, CO, and NO. The catalyst system is useful in a catalytic converter such that oxygen is supplied under rich combustion conditions in an engine upstream of the catalytic converter inlet and oxygen is adsorbed and absorbed under lean rich combustion conditions in the engine.

Abstract: A catalytic material including particles formed of a catalytic core material having a thermally resistant porous shell coated over the catalytic core material. An oxygen storage material is dispersed within the thermally resistant porous shell. In an example, the oxygen storage material is ceria. The catalytic material can further include a catalytic support, wherein the particles are deposited on the catalytic support. The catalytic support can be a powdered oxide including a material selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconia, niobia, ceria, titania, and combinations thereof. The catalytic core can include an element selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Fe, Au, Ag, and combinations thereof. The porous shell can be selected from materials consisting of alumina, baria, ceria, magnesia, niobia, silica, titania, yttria, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A three-way catalytic material that reduces NOx in an oxidizing atmosphere and a process for reducing NOx in an oxidizing atmosphere. The material is a mixed metal oxide catalyst and can be made from a doped barium cerate matrix with a chemical formula of BaAyDzCe(1-y-z)O3-?, where A is a precious metal or a combination of two or more precious metals and D is at least one transition metal. The coefficient y has a value between 0.0 and 0.20, inclusive, and the coefficient z has a value between 0.0 and 0.20, inclusive, and ? has a value between 0.00 and 0.20, inclusive.

Abstract: A three-way catalytic material that reduces NOx in an oxidizing atmosphere and a process for reducing NOx in an oxidizing atmosphere. The material is a mixed metal oxide catalyst and can be made from a doped barium cerate matrix with a chemical formula of BaAyDzCe(1-y-z)O3-?, where A is a precious metal or a combination of two or more precious metals and D is at least one transition metal. The coefficient y has a value between 0.0 and 0.20, inclusive, and the coefficient z has a value between 0.0 and 0.20, inclusive, and 8 has a value between 0.00 and 0.20, inclusive.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes an anode having a metal material having an oxygen containing layer. The electrochemical cell also includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The anode includes a protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes an anode having a metal material having an oxygen containing layer. The electrochemical cell also includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The anode includes a chemically bonded protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes an anode having a metal material having an oxygen containing layer. The electrochemical cell also includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The anode includes a chemically bonded protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes an anode having a metal material having an oxygen containing layer. The electrochemical cell also includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The anode includes a protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.

Abstract: A process for forming a protective layer on a metal surface includes the steps of: providing a metal material having an oxygen containing layer; applying at least two compounds to the oxygen containing layer of the metal material wherein a first compound applied is a molecularly large compound; and applying at least a second compound to the oxygen containing layer of the metal material wherein the second compound is molecularly small.

Abstract: An electrode material having carbon and sulfur is provided. The carbon is in the form of a porous matrix having nanoporosity and the sulfur is sorbed into the nanoporosity of the carbon matrix. The carbon matrix can have a volume of nanoporosity between 10 and 99%. In addition, the sulfur can occupy between 5 to 99% of the nanoporosity. A portion of the carbon structure that is only partially filled with the sulfur remains vacant allowing electrolyte egress. In some instances, the nanoporosity has nanopores and nanochannels with an average diameter between 1 nanometer and 999 nanometers. The sulfur is sorbed into the nanoporosity using liquid transport or other mechanisms providing a material having intimate contact between the electronically conductive carbon structure and the electroactive sulfur.

Abstract: Disclosed is a material having a composite particle, the composite particle including an outer shell and a core. The core is made from a lithium alloying material and the outer shell has an inner volume that is greater in size than the core of the lithium alloying material. In some instances, the outer mean diameter of the outer shell is less than 500 nanometers and the core occupies between 5 and 99% of the inner volume. In addition, the outer shell can have an average wall thickness of less than 100 nanometers.

Abstract: An anode material made from nanoparticles, said anode material including a homogeneous mixture of lithium-alloying nanoparticles with active support matrix nanoparticles, is provided. The active support matrix nanoparticle is a compound that participates in the conversion reaction of the lithium battery. The compound is preferably a transition metal compound, with said compound including a nitride, carbide, oxide or combination thereof. An electrode manufactured from the anode material preferably has a porosity of between 5 and 80% and more preferably has a porosity between 10 and 50%. The anode material nanoparticles preferably have a mean linear dimension of between 2 and 500 nanometers, and more preferably have a mean linear dimension of between 2 and 50 nanometers.

Abstract: A process for forming a protective layer on a metal surface includes the steps of: providing a metal material having an oxygen containing layer; applying at least two compounds to the oxygen containing layer of the metal material wherein a first compound applied is a molecularly large compound; and applying at least a second compound to the oxygen containing layer of the metal material wherein the second compound is molecularly small.

Abstract: A process for forming a protective layer on a metal surface includes the steps of: providing a metal material having an oxygen containing layer; applying at least two compounds to the oxygen containing layer of the metal material wherein a first compound applied is a molecularly large compound; and applying at least a second compound to the oxygen containing layer of the metal material wherein the second compound is molecularly small.

Abstract: An anode material with lithium-alloying particles contained within a porous support matrix is provided. The porous support matrix preferably has a porosity of between 5 and 80% afforded by porosity channels and expansion accommodation pores, and is electrically conductive. More preferably the support matrix has a porosity of between 10 and 50%. The support matrix is made from an organic polymer, an inorganic ceramic or a hybrid mixture of organic polymer and inorganic ceramic. The organic polymer support matrix and can be made from a rod-coil polymer, a hyperbranched polymer, UV cross-linked polymer, heat cross-linked polymer or combination thereof. An inorganic ceramic support matrix can be made from at least one group IV-VI transition metal compound, with the compound being a nitride, carbide, oxide or combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a material having a composite particle, the composite particle including an outer shell and a core. The core is made from a lithium alloying material and the outer shell has an inner volume that is greater in size than the core of the lithium alloying material. In some instances, the outer mean diameter of the outer shell is less than 500 nanometers and the core occupies between 5 and 99% of the inner volume. In addition, the outer shell can have an average wall thickness of less than 100 nanometers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a material having a composite particle. The composite particle includes an outer shell containing an element such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and an inner core made from a lithium alloying material such as tin, silicon, aluminum and/or germanium. If the outer shell is made from carbon, the outer shell of the composite particle has an average thickness of less than 20 nanometers and the composite particle has an outer mean diameter of less than 100 nanometers. In some instances, the inner core is made from tin, a tin binary alloy, a tin tertiary alloy or a tin quaternary alloy.

Abstract: An electrode material having carbon and sulfur is provided. The carbon is in the form of a porous matrix having nanoporosity and the sulfur is sorbed into the nanoporosity of the carbon matrix. The carbon matrix can have a volume of nanoporosity between 10 and 99%. In addition, the sulfur can occupy between 5 to 99% of the nanoporosity. A portion of the carbon structure that is only partially filled with the sulfur remains vacant allowing electrolyte egress. In some instances, the nanoporosity has nanopores and nanochannels with an average diameter between 1 nanometer and 999 nanometers. The sulfur is sorbed into the nanoporosity using liquid transport or other mechanisms providing a material having intimate contact between the electronically conductive carbon structure and the electroactive sulfur.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes an anode having a metal material having an oxygen containing layer. The electrochemical cell also includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The anode includes a protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.