Abstract: An anion conducting electrolyte membrane with high performance where the electric conductivity and the water uptake are balanced, and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. The anion conducting electrolyte membrane comprises: a polymeric material which consists of fluorine polymer, olefinic polymer, or aromatic polymer; weak base quaternary salt obtained by the reaction of grafts introduced by graft polymerizing vinyl monomer which contains halogenated alkyl groups using radiation and strong organic bases.

Abstract: A graft chain containing an N-vinylimidazole derivative is introduced into a polymer substrate by radiation graft polymerization to obtain an alkyl substituted imidazolium salt by a reaction with an alkyl halide, so that an anion exchange membrane with high alkaline durability, in which a nucleophilic substitution reaction and an elimination reaction are inhibited, is obtained.

Abstract: An anion conducting electrolyte membrane with high performance where the electric conductivity and the water uptake are balanced, and a method of manufacturing the same are disclosed. The anion conducting electrolyte membrane comprises: a polymeric material which consists of fluorine polymer, olefinic polymer, or aromatic polymer; weak base quaternary salt obtained by the reaction of grafts introduced by graft polymerizing vinyl monomer which contains halogenated alkyl groups using radiation and strong organic bases.

Abstract: A sensing element for cyclic saturated hydrocarbons, which can optically detect in a short time the volatilized organic hydride at comparatively low sensing element temperature, and a detector which uses the sensing element are disclosed. The sensing element for cyclic saturated hydrocarbons has a transparent substrate made of ceramics such as quartz; a tungsten trioxide thin film having columnar structure on the transparent substrate, and a platinum layer formed to the thickness of 15 nm or less on the surface of the thin film by deposition.

Abstract: A process for producing a urethane foam having a high density outer surface layer, of the type wherein a plastic liquid containing aromatic isocyanates, polyols, a catalyst, low-molecular polyols used as a crosslinker or a chain extender, a blowing agent consisting of water, and an assistant is poured into a closed mold through a one-shot molding process, a certain type of catalyst is added to create a difference in gas evolving reaction between an inner part and an outer part of the plastic liquid within the mold so as to form a high density layer on the outer surface of a urethane form. The catalyst includes a piperazine compound, a morpholine compound, or a mixture thereof. An imidazole compound, a triazine compound, an amidine compound or an organic acid salt of the amidine compound, or a mixture resulting from any combination thereof may be used in combination with the piperazine compound or a morpholine compound.

Abstract: In a method of preparing a urethane foam article having a high density outer surface layer, of the type wherein a plastic liquid containing isocyanates, polyols, a catalyst, a blowing agent, an assistant and other additives is poured into a mold through a one-shot molding process, a certain type of catalyst is added for causing the isocyanates and the blowing agent to create a difference in gas evolving reaction between an inner part and an outer part of the plastic liquid in the mold so as to form a high density layer on the outer surface of a urethane foam article.

Abstract: In a method of preparing a urethane foam article having a high density outer surface layer, of the type wherein a plastic liquid containing isocyanates, polyols, a catalyst, a blowing agent, an assistant and other additives is poured into a mold through a one-shot molding process, while maintaining the mold at a temperature in the range of from 15.degree. to 40.degree. C., a temperature sensitive catalyst is added for causing the isocyanates and the blowing agent to create a difference in chemical reaction between an outer portion of the plastic liquid contacting the mold surface and an inner portion of the plastic liquid held out of contact with the mold surface, thereby retarding the foaming of the outer portion than that of the outer portion.