Abstract: A developing device including: a developer; and a developing member configured to carry the developer on a surface thereof, the developing roller including an electro-conductive substrate and a single-layer elastic layer serving as a surface layer on the substrate, the surface layer comprising a binder resin, and the binder resin contains a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure in a first region from an outer surface of the surface layer to a position at a depth of 0.1 ?m from the outer surface, wherein the developer contains developer particles each containing at least a binder resin and a magnetic substance.

Abstract: Provided is a developer carrying member that can stably form a high-quality electrophotographic image. The developer carrying member includes an electroconductive support and a surface layer in the stated order, wherein the surface layer contains a binder resin and electroconductive particles, and a content of the electroconductive particles in a region from a surface of the surface layer opposite to an outer surface thereof on a side facing the electroconductive support to a depth of 150 nm is 1% or more and 25% or less, and wherein the surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10?2 ?·cm or more and 1.0×102?·cm or less.

Abstract: Provided is a developer carrying member that can stably form a high-quality electrophotographic image. The developer carrying member includes an electroconductive support and a surface layer in the stated order, wherein the surface layer contains a binder resin and electroconductive particles, and a content of the electroconductive particles in a region from a surface of the surface layer opposite to an outer surface thereof on a side facing the electroconductive support to a depth of 150 nm is 1% or more and 25% or less, and wherein the surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10?2 ?·cm or more and 1.0×102 ?·cm or less.

Abstract: A charging member is provided that has high charging ability and can prevent generation of abnormal discharge even under an environment at a low temperature and a low humidity. The charging member includes an electroconductive support, an electroconductive elastic layer and a surface layer. The electroconductive elastic layer contains electrically insulating domains such that at least a part of the electrically insulating domains is exposed on the surface of the electroconductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a structure represented by Structural Formula (a1), and M1 in Structural Formula (a1) and a carbon atom in a structural unit represented by Structural Formula (a2) are bonded through a linking group represented by Structural Formula (a3).

Abstract: There is provided a charging member exhibiting stable charging performance even after the use for a long period of time. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, the surface layer includes polymetalloxane containing at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zirconium, titanium, and tantalum, and a group represented by the following formula (1) or (2) is bonded to at least the one metal atom in the polymetalloxane, wherein X represents an atomic group required for forming a ring, A1 and A2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and a symbol “*” represents a binding site with a metal atom in the polymetalloxane.

Abstract: A charging member which has high charging ability and prevents generation of abnormal discharge is provided. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a specific structure.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member that suppresses the occurrence of abnormal discharge under low temperature and low humidity. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (a), (b), (c), or (d).

Abstract: There is provided a charging member exhibiting stable charging performance even after the use for a long period of time. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, the surface layer includes polymetalloxane containing at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zirconium, titanium, and tantalum, and a group represented by the following formula (1) or (2) is bonded to at least the one metal atom in the polymetalloxane, wherein X represents an atomic group required for forming a ring, A1 and A2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and a symbol “*” represents a binding site with a metal atom in the polymetalloxane.

Abstract: A charging member is provided which can prevent electrostatic adhesion of a toner and/or an external additive of the toner to the surface of the charging member, and exhibits stable charging performance during long-term use. The charging member comprises a support, and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer comprises a polymetalloxane containing at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, zirconium and tantalum, and a specific group which is bonded to the at least one metal atom in the polymetalloxane.

Abstract: A charging member is provided that has high charging ability and can prevent generation of abnormal discharge even under an environment at a low temperature and a low humidity. The charging member includes an electroconductive support, an electroconductive elastic layer and a surface layer. The electroconductive elastic layer contains electrically insulating domains such that at least a part of the electrically insulating domains is exposed on the surface of the electroconductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a structure represented by Structural Formula (a1), and M1 in Structural Formula (a1) and a carbon atom in a structural unit represented by Structural Formula (a2) are bonded through a linking group represented by Structural Formula (a3).

Abstract: A charging member capable of inhibiting the effect of the contact mark on the electrophotographic image, even after in contact with another member for a long term, is provided. The charging member has a surface layer on a support, the surface layer containing a polymer compound having a structural unit represented by the following formula (1): In the formula (1), A represents an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group; R1 represents a specific hydrocarbon group. L represents a polysiloxane having at least one of an SiO3/2 unit (T) and an SiO2/2 unit (D). U represents an integer of 1 or more.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member capable of preventing the occurrence of abnormal discharge at low temperature and low humidity, and capable of preventing the occurrence of an image defect due to abrasion. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a specific compound.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member capable of preventing the occurrence of abnormal discharge at low temperature and low humidity, and capable of preventing the occurrence of an image defect due to abrasion. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a specific compound.

Abstract: A charging member is provided which can prevent electrostatic adhesion of a toner and/or an external additive of the toner to the surface of the charging member, and exhibits stable charging performance during long-term use. The charging member comprises a support, and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer comprises a polymetalloxane containing at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, zirconium and tantalum, and a specific group which is bonded to the at least one metal atom in the polymetalloxane.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member exhibiting a stable charging performance even by long-term use. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a magnesium oxide particle, and a compound having a specified structure.

Abstract: A charging member which has high charging ability and prevents generation of abnormal discharge is provided. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a specific structure.

Abstract: A charging member capable of inhibiting the effect of the contact mark on the electrophotographic image, even after in contact with another member for a long term, is provided. The charging member has a surface layer on a support, the surface layer containing a polymer compound having a structural unit represented by the following formula (1): In the formula (1), A represents an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group; R1 represents a specific hydrocarbon group. L represents a polysiloxane having at least one of an SiO3/2 unit (T) and an SiO2/2 unit (D). U represents an integer of 1 or more.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member that suppresses the occurrence of abnormal discharge under low temperature and low humidity. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (a), (b), (c), or (d).