Abstract: A method and an apparatus for determining a signed Doppler frequency shift of an optical signal.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining a range to one or more targets are provided. In various embodiments, the apparatus comprises a field transceiver module and a computing node in communication with each other. The field transceiver module is configured to generate an electromagnetic probe carrier field; under the control of the computing node, phase-modulate the carrier probe field according to a time-periodic probe modulation waveform having a probe modulation phase that includes a probe modulation frequency and a probe modulation phase offset, thereby generating a modulated probe field; direct the modulated probe field at one or more targets and to receive a modulated reflected probe field from one or more targets; demodulate the modulated reflected probe field and generate a probe signal corresponding to the probe modulation waveform.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining a range to one or more targets are provided. In various embodiments, the apparatus comprises a field transceiver module and a computing node in communication with each other. The field transceiver module is configured to generate an electromagnetic probe carrier field; under the control of the computing node, phase-modulate the carrier probe field according to a time-periodic probe modulation waveform having a probe modulation phase that includes a probe modulation frequency and a probe modulation phase offset, thereby generating a modulated probe field; direct the modulated probe field at one or more targets and to receive a modulated reflected probe field from one or more targets; demodulate the modulated reflected probe field and generate a probe signal corresponding to the probe modulation waveform.

Abstract: A method determines a total velocity average cross-section parameter ?tot? in a relationship of the form ?loss(U)=nb?tot?·ƒ(U, Ud), where: ?loss(U) is a rate of exponential loss of sensor atoms from a cold atom sensor trap of trap depth potential energy U in a vacuum environment due to collisions with residual particles in the vacuum environment; nb is a number density of residual particles in the vacuum environment; Ud is a parameter given by U d = 2 ? k B ? T / m bg ? 4 ? ? ? ? ? 2 m t ? ? ? tot ? v ? which relates the masses of the sensor atoms mt and residual particles mbg to the total velocity average cross-section parameter ?tot?; and ƒ(U, Ud) is a function of the trap depth potential energy U and the parameter Ud which models a naturally occurring dependence of the loss rate ?loss(U) on the trap depth potential energy U and the parameter Ud, where ƒ(U=0, Ud) is unity for all Ud.

Abstract: A method determines a total velocity average cross-section parameter ?tot? in a relationship of the form ?loss(U)=nb?tot?·ƒ(U, Ud), where: ?loss(U) is a rate of exponential loss of sensor atoms from a cold atom sensor trap of trap depth potential energy U in a vacuum environment due to collisions with residual particles in the vacuum environment; nb is a number density of residual particles in the vacuum environment; Ud is a parameter given by U d = 2 ? k B ? T / m bg ? 4 ? ? ? ? ? 2 m t ? ? ? tot ? v ? which relates the masses of the sensor atoms mt and residual particles mbg to the total velocity average cross-section parameter ?tot?; and ƒ(U, Ud) is a function of the trap depth potential energy U and the parameter Ud which models a naturally occurring dependence of the loss rate ?loss(U) on the trap depth potential energy U and the parameter Ud, where ƒ(U=0, Ud) is unity for all Ud.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining a range to one or more targets are provided. In various embodiments, the apparatus comprises a field transceiver module and a computing node in communication with each other. The field transceiver module is configured to generate an electromagnetic probe carrier field; under the control of the computing node, phase-modulate the carrier probe field according to a time-periodic probe modulation waveform having a probe modulation phase that includes a probe modulation frequency and a probe modulation phase offset, thereby generating a modulated probe field; direct the modulated probe field at one or more targets and to receive a modulated reflected probe field from one or more targets; demodulate the modulated reflected probe field and generate a probe signal corresponding to the probe modulation waveform.