Abstract: An apparatus is provided that is visible by both a three dimensional (3D) scanner system of a medical navigation system and a camera of the medical navigation system. The apparatus involves a rigid member and a plurality of markers attached to the rigid member. Each of the plurality of markers includes a reflective surface portion visible by the camera and a distinct identifiable portion visible by the 3D scanner system. The apparatus further involves a connector mechanism to connect the apparatus to a reference location. The apparatus is in a field of view of the 3D scanner system and the camera within a timeframe of the 3D scan.

Abstract: A medical navigation system is provided for detecting movement of a subject, the system having an optical tracking system including a camera, a display, and a controller electrically coupled with the optical tracking system and the display. The controller has a processor coupled with a memory and is configured to receive a data signal from the optical tracking system and recognize and continuously monitor optical tracking markers on the subject within a field of view of the camera, and provide an alert on the display when movement of the optical tracking markers on the subject falls within predefined parameters.

Abstract: A system for adjusting an operating state of a medical electronic device is described. In an aspect, the system includes an optical tracking system configured to detect three or more tracking markers. The system also includes a processor coupled with the optical tracking system. The processor is programmed with instructions which, when executed, configure the processor to: configure an input command by assigning at least one operating state of the medical electronic device to a particular state of at least one of the tracking markers; after receiving a priming command, identify a present state of the tracking markers based on data from the optical tracking system; compare the present state with the particular state assigned to the operating state; and based on the comparison, determine that an input command has been received and adjust the operating state of the medical electronic device to the assigned operating state.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for performing patient registration. 3D scan data from a 3D scanner, preoperative image data, first tracking data from a first tracking system, and second tracking data from a second tracking system are mapped to a common coordinate space. The 3D scan data and the first tracking data are mapped to each other using a transformation that is determined based on a calibration relating the 3D scan coordinate space and the tracking coordinate space. The 3D scan data and the preoperative image data are mapped to each other using a surface matching algorithm. The first tracking data and the second tracking data are mapped to each other based on tracking of the patient reference device.

Abstract: A method for updating a patient registration during a medical procedure is disclosed. The medical procedure uses an optical navigation system for optically tracking a patient reference object in a real-world space. The method includes: acquiring a first set of image data depicting a region of interest on the patient while a first patient registration is intact; detecting that the first patient registration has been lost; obtaining a second set of image data depicting the region of interest; and applying a transform to data points of the first region to obtain data points for an updated patient registration, the transform obtained based on the first and second sets of image data.

Abstract: A method and device for tracking objects by surgical navigation systems. The method includes: capturing an image of the tracked object; determining whether a unique identifiable feature associated with at least one totem pattern is discernible in the image; when the unique identifiable feature is discernible: determining a position or an orientation of the tracked object based on the at least one totem pattern; and registering the at least one totem pattern in the surgical coordinate space; and when the unique identifiable feature is indiscernible: determining a position of each totem pattern relative to other totem patterns such that a combination of totem patterns within the captured image is a marker group detectable as a composite totem pattern; determining a position or an orientation of the tracked object based on the composite totem pattern associated with the tracked object; and registering the composite totem pattern in the surgical coordinate space.

Abstract: A method and device for tracking objects by surgical navigation systems. The method includes: capturing an image of the tracked object; determining whether a unique identifiable feature associated with at least one totem pattern is discernible in the image; when the unique identifiable feature is discernible: determining a position or an orientation of the tracked object based on the at least one totem pattern; and registering the at least one totem pattern in the surgical coordinate space; and when the unique identifiable feature is indiscernible: determining a position of each totem pattern relative to other totem patterns such that a combination of totem patterns within the captured image is a marker group detectable as a composite totem pattern; determining a position or an orientation of the tracked object based on the composite totem pattern associated with the tracked object; and registering the composite totem pattern in the surgical coordinate space.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that is visible by both a three dimensional (3D) scanner system of a medical navigation system and a camera of the medical navigation system. The apparatus involves a rigid member and a plurality of markers attached to the rigid member. Each of the plurality of markers includes a reflective surface portion visible by the camera and a distinct identifiable portion visible by the 3D scanner system. The apparatus further involves a connector mechanism to connect the apparatus to a reference location. The apparatus is in a field of view of the 3D scanner system and the camera within a timeframe of the 3D scan.

Abstract: A device and methods for maintaining patient registration in surgical navigation, involving: obtaining a patient position in a tracking system frame of reference, based on a fiducial marker array affixed in a first position relative to the patient; receiving an initial surface scan depicting the patient and the fiducial array; responsive to receiving an intraoperative image depicting the patient: obtaining a position, in the tracking system frame of reference, of the fiducial array affixed in a second position relative to the patient; receiving a secondary surface scan depicting the patient and the fiducial array; detecting a deviation in a position of the fiducial marker array relative to the patient between the initial and secondary surface scans; and applying the deviation to the position of the patient to generate an updated position of the patient in the tracking system frame of reference, based on the fiducial array affixed in the second position.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that is visible by both a three dimensional (3D) scanner system of a medical navigation system and a camera of the medical navigation system. The apparatus comprises a rigid member and a plurality of markers attached to the rigid member. Each of the plurality of markers includes a reflective surface portion visible by the camera and a distinct identifiable portion visible by the 3D scanner system. The apparatus further includes a connector mechanism to connect the apparatus to a reference location. The apparatus is in a field of view of the 3D scanner system and the camera within a timeframe of the 3D scan.

Abstract: A medical navigation system is provided for detecting movement of a subject, the system having an optical tracking system including a camera, a display, and a controller electrically coupled with the optical tracking system and the display. The controller has a processor coupled with a memory and is configured to receive a data signal from the optical tracking system and recognize and continuously monitor optical tracking markers on the subject within a field of view of the camera, and provide an alert on the display when movement of the optical tracking markers on the subject falls within predefined parameters.

Abstract: A medical navigation system is provided for detecting movement of a subject, the system having an optical tracking system including a camera, a display, and a controller electrically coupled to the optical tracking system and the display. The controller has a processor coupled to a memory and is configured to receive a data signal from the optical tracking system and recognize and continuously monitor optical tracking markers on the subject within a field of view of the camera, and provide an alert on the display when movement of the optical tracking markers on the subject falls within predefined parameters.

Abstract: Trackable apparatuses and methods involving at least one arrangement of at least one trackable feature configured for disposition in relation to at least one substrate, each arrangement of the at least one arrangement having a distinct pattern of trackable features configured to facilitate determining at least one of: an identity of at least one object and at least one subject, a disposition of at least one object and at least one subject, a disposition between at least one object and at least one subject, and a disposition among at least one object and at least one subject, and each arrangement of the at least one arrangement configured to optimize tracking by a navigation tracking system, whereby at least one spatial relationship among the at least one object and the at least one subject is optimizable. The navigation tracking system is optionally multi-modal.

Abstract: A method of maintaining patient registration in surgical navigation includes: obtaining a patient position in a tracking system frame of reference, based on a fiducial marker array affixed in a first position relative to the patient; receiving an initial surface scan depicting the patient and the fiducial array; responsive to receiving an intraoperative image depicting the patient: obtaining a position, in the tracking system frame of reference, of the fiducial array affixed in a second position relative to the patient; receiving a secondary surface scan depicting the patient and the fiducial array; detecting a deviation in a position of the fiducial marker array relative to the patient between the initial and secondary surface scans; and applying the deviation to the position of the patient to generate an updated position of the patient in the tracking system frame of reference, based on the fiducial array affixed in the second position.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for performing patient registration. 3D scan data from a 3D scanner, preoperative image data, first tracking data from a first tracking system, and second tracking data from a second tracking system are mapped to a common coordinate space. The 3D scan data and the first tracking data are mapped to each other using a transformation that is determined based on a calibration relating the 3D scan coordinate space and the tracking coordinate space. The 3D scan data and the preoperative image data are mapped to each other using a surface matching algorithm. The first tracking data and the second tracking data are mapped to each other based on tracking of the patient reference device.

Abstract: A training system for training a trainee to perform a surgical procedure on an anatomical region. The system includes a physical model of the anatomical region, a physical training instrument, a tracking system configured to track the location and orientation of the physical training instrument relative to the physical model, a display device, and a computer system. The computer system receives from the tracking system information indicating the location and orientation of the physical training instrument and generates and displays an augmented physical model and the physical training instrument. The display is updated based as the trainee manipulates the physical training instrument. After the trainee has completed the surgical procedure, the computer calculates a score based on the performance of the trainee. The score is a measure of the accuracy of the surgical procedure performed by the trainee or the duration of the surgical procedure.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for performing patient registration. 3D scan data from a 3D scanner, preoperative image data, first tracking data from a first tracking system, and second tracking data from a second tracking system are mapped to a common coordinate space. The 3D scan data and the first tracking data are mapped to each other using a transformation that is determined based on a calibration relating the 3D scan coordinate space and the tracking coordinate space. The 3D scan data and the preoperative image data are mapped to each other using a surface matching algorithm. The first tracking data and the second tracking data are mapped to each other based on tracking of the patient reference device.

Abstract: A method and system to generate an operating room layout plan for a surgical procedure involving a patient and a trajectory of access. A patient model is positioned in a virtual coordinate space representing the operating room, and is rendered, along with the trajectory of access relative to the patient, on a display. The trajectory of access defines a zone of operation in the virtual coordinate space. The planning system receives selection of a navigation camera location in the virtual coordinate space; renders a navigation camera model visually indicating an operative field of view; determines whether the navigation camera has a direct line-of-sight to the zone of operation and, if not, indicates an error; and outputs the operating room layout plan based on the location of the models in the virtual coordinate space.

Abstract: A fiducial marker to be tracked by a surgical navigation system. The fiducial marker is to be affixed to an object during a surgical procedure. The fiducial marker including a casing for attachment to the object; a light emitting component attached to the casing; a power source within the casing; a signal receiver to receive a signal from the surgical navigation system; and control logic to control the light emitting component in response to the signal from the surgical navigation system. The object to-be-tracked may include a plurality of the fiducial markers arranged in geometric pattern, and the markers may include a first active fiducial marker having a first light emitting component that emits light having a first spectral bandwidth, and a second active fiducial marker having a second light emitting component that emits light having a second spectral bandwidth different from the first spectral bandwidth.

Abstract: A method for updating a patient registration during a medical procedure is disclosed. The medical procedure uses an optical navigation system for optically tracking a patient reference object in a real-world space. The method includes: acquiring a first set of image data depicting a region of interest on the patient while a first patient registration is intact; detecting that the first patient registration has been lost; obtaining a second set of image data depicting the region of interest; and applying a transform to data points of the first region to obtain data points for an updated patient registration, the transform obtained based on the first and second sets of image data.