Abstract: The present invention provides compositions and methods that combine the initial patterning capabilities of a direct cell printing system with the active patterning capabilities of magnetically labeled cells, such as cells labeled with superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The present invention allows for the biofabrication of a complex three-dimensional tissue scaffold comprising bioactive factors and magnetically labeled cells, which can be further manipulated after initial patterning, as well as monitored over time, and repositioned as desired, within the tissue engineering construct.