Abstract: A depolarizer 11 is inserted between an optical branch unit 2 and a polarization filter 3, a depolarizer 12 and a polarization filter 14 are inserted between an optical phase modulator 5 and a quarter-wave plate 16, and a depolarizer 13 and a polarization filter 15 are inserted between the other branch end of the optical branch unit 4 and a quarter-wave plate 17. The optical branch unit 2 and the optical phase modulator 5 are formed by single mode optical fibers, and single mode optical fibers are used to connect between optical elements, thus providing an arrangement which is inexpensive as a whole.

Abstract: In a flat display apparatus of this invention, which uses a discharge plasma, a UV discharge gas prepared by mixing Xe as a main discharge gas and Ne as a discharge control gas such that the partial pressure of Xe becomes, e.g., 15% is injected into a space between a display substrate and a counter substrate opposing the display substrate at a predetermined pressure. A plurality of first electrodes capable of specifying a position in the first direction on the substrate, a plurality of second electrodes capable of specifying a position in the second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and third electrodes (auxiliary electrodes) equal in number to the first or second electrodes are formed on at least one substrate at a predetermined interval. With this arrangement, the discharge start voltage required for initialization of the discharge generation portion (pixels between the substrates), a write in a memory, and discharge sustaining and memory erase operations can be set to be low.

Abstract: A depolarizer 11 is inserted between an optical branch unit 2 and a polarization filter 3, a depolarizer 12 and a polarization filter 14 are inserted between an optical phase modulator 5 and a quarter-wave plate 16, and a depolarizer 13 and a polarization filter 15 are inserted between the other branch end of the optical branch unit 4 and a quarter-wave plate 17. The optical branch unit 2 and the optical phase modulator 5 are formed by single mode optical fibers, and single mode optical fibers are used to connect between optical elements, thus providing an arrangement which is inexpensive as a whole.

Abstract: An optical current transformer includes a sensor arranged adjacent to a conductor through which an electric current is to be measured flows, a light source for generating a measuring light, a detector for detecting the measuring light emitted from the sensor, a coupling optical system for optically connecting the sensor, the light source and the detector, and a signal processing system for processing a signal transmitted from the detector so as to calculate the electric current flowed through the conductor by using a Faraday effect of light which passes through the sensor. The sensor is formed by an optical fiber, the optical fiber being wound around the conductor, and the two ends of the optical fiber being arranged to form a closed loop of the optical fiber.

Abstract: An optical measurement device that can be made of small size and weight without impairing accuracy under ambient temperature variations. An optical system accommodating box, includes a polarizing unit in which incoming light from a light source is converted to linearly polarized light, and an analyzing unit that resolves into orthogonal components linearly polarized light that has been rotated. A casing is constituted by three identical members 41, 42, and 43, the members being mutually stuck together with polarizer 34, analyzers 35 and reflective mirrors 36, in the form of thin sheets, interposed therebetween.

Abstract: An optical fiber has a core structure and a first coating layer covering the core structure. The optical fiber, after being twisted, is covered at its outer side with a second coating layer. The second coating layer is higher in Young's modulus than the first coating layer. As a result, the twisting of the optical fiber is stably retained by the second coating layer. Further, an outer force coming from the second coating layer is absorbed by a soft first coating layer, so that no compressive force acts on a core and cladding in the optical fiber.

Abstract: A device for optically measuring a physical quantity in power equipment includes an optical fiber associated with the power equipment, an optical part for transmitting/receiving light to/from the optical fiber, calculation unit for calculating a physical quantity in the power equipment by detecting the polarized state of light polarized by the power equipment on the basis of the output from the optical part, a housing box for housing the optical part, and a fixing member to which the optical part is mounted and which is fixed to the housing box by laser welding.

Abstract: A transverse type gas laser oscillator includes a receptacle for containing a gas as a laser medium, a pair of electrodes disposed to be parallel to each other on opposite sides of the receptacle so that an electric field is established for generation of AC discharge when a high-frequency voltage is applied to them, and a pair of permanent magnets disposed so as to form a magnetic field intersecting a direction of the electric field established between the electrodes, or a pair of coils excited by a DC voltage. Consequently, ionization of the gas excited by the electric field is increased by the magnetic field.

Abstract: A gas laser device includes a high frequency power source for generating a high frequency output voltage and a pair of electrodes positioned sandwiching a discharge gap through which laser gas circulates. The pair of the electrodes are connected to the high frequency power source for applying the high frequency output voltage across the electrodes to achieve discharge in the discharge gap and to thereby generate laser light. Each of the electrodes includes an electrode element, a capacity coupling control element provided on either side of the electrode element, and a dielectric shell. The dielectric shell surrounds the electrode element and the capacity coupling control element, therefore the discharge occurs between the dielectric shells of a pair of the electrodes. The dielectric constant of the capacity coupling control means is lower than that of the dielectric shell.

Abstract: A gas laser device, including an a.c. power source for generating a.c. output voltage and a pair of electrodes positioned sandwiching discharge gap through which laser gas circulates. The pair of electrodes are connected to the a.c. power source for applying the a.c. voltage across the electrodes to achieve discharge in the discharge gap such as to create a positive column region and boundary layer regions, thereby to generate laser light. The positive column region is created in the discharge gap and a.c. power injected therein contributes to laser excitation. The boundary layer regions is created in a vicinity of one of the pair of electrodes, respectively and a.c. power injected therein does not contribute to laser excitation. A frequency of the a.c. power source is set to at least 700 kHz and an a.c. output voltage of the a.c. power source is set at a level such that a voltage in the positive column region is larger than a burden voltage in the boundary layer regions.

Abstract: In a gas laser, an anode of discharge electrodes is formed from stainless steel. Alternatively, the anode is formed from a metallic base material and chromium coating is applied on the surface of the metallic base material. A cathode is formed from titanium as a base material and the surface thereof is oxidized. Alternatively, the cathode is formed from molybdenum as a base material and titanium coating is applied on the surface of the molybdenum base material. The surface of the cathode is oxidized.

Abstract: In a gas laser, the surface of either or both of discharge electrodes are formed from titanium oxide which provides fine sputtering proof. The discharge electrodes are formed from titanium as a base material having an oxidized surface. Alternatively, the discharge electrodes are formed from molybdenum as a base material with titanium coated and the surfaces are oxidized. In the gas laser of the direct current discharge type, the cathode is formed as described above. Both of cathode and anode are formed as described above in the gas laser of the alternate current discharge type.