Abstract: The present invention relates to a distance measuring apparatus including an imaging device and a calculation unit calculating a distance to a subject on the basis of an electrical signal. The imaging device includes a signal acquisition unit that acquires a first electrical signal based on a beam that has passed through a first region off the center of the exit pupil in a predetermined direction; a second electrical signal based on a beam that has passed through a second region off the center of the exit pupil in a direction opposite to the predetermined direction; and a third electrical signal based on a beam that has passed through a region eccentric from the first region in the direction opposite to the predetermined direction. The calculation unit performs a signal correction process for generating a first corrected signal and a distance calculation process for calculating the distance.

Abstract: A distance determining apparatus includes a distance calculating unit and a signal processor. The distance calculating unit calculates a distance to an object on the basis of a first signal corresponding to a light flux that has passed through a first pupil region of an exit pupil of an imaging optical system and a second signal corresponding to a light flux that has passed through a second pupil region of the exit pupil of the imaging optical system. The second pupil region is different from the first pupil region. The signal processor filters either one signal by using a filter based on an optical transfer function corresponding to the first pupil region and an optical transfer function corresponding to the second pupil region. The either one signal is one of the first signal and the second signal.

Abstract: A distance detecting device includes a distance calculation unit configured to calculate a distance to a target of imaging based on a first signal corresponding to a luminous flux having passed through a first pupil region of an exit pupil in an imaging optical system, and a second signal corresponding to a luminous flux having passed through a second pupil region different from the first pupil region, and a signal processing unit configured to perform a filtering process on at least one of the first signal and the second signal by using a band pass filter having a lower number of cells in a first direction than a number of cells in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and a filter for phase correction having a higher number of cells in the first direction than the number of cells in the second direction.

Abstract: Provided is a solid-state imaging device capable of ranging with high precision even when the pixel size is small. The solid-state imaging device includes: an optical waveguide having multiple regions with different refractive indices; and a photoelectric conversion unit for converting light guided through the optical waveguide into an electrical signal. The optical waveguide includes a main waveguide located on a light incident side, and a first sub waveguide and a second sub waveguide connected to the main waveguide and located on the photoelectric conversion unit side. The main waveguide guides light which enters from a first direction and light which enters from a second direction. The first sub waveguide and the second sub waveguide guide light which has entered from the first direction and has passed through the main waveguide and light which has entered from the second direction and has passed through the main waveguide, respectively.

Abstract: A distance detecting apparatus includes an imaging unit that generates a first image signal and a second image signal and an arithmetic processing unit. The distance detecting apparatus detects the distance to a subject on the basis of an amount of defocus indicating the distance between an imaging plane of the imaging unit and an image forming plane of light fluxes. The arithmetic processing unit executes a first step of calculating an amount of temporary defocus on the basis of the first image signal and the second image signal, a second step of calculating a conversion factor used to convert an amount of image displacement between a first image and a second image into the amount of defocus on the basis of the amount of temporary defocus, and a third step of calculating the amount of defocus by using the conversion factor.

Abstract: Provided is a ranging apparatus or the like capable of high-accuracy ranging. The image sensor, comprising multiple pixels, wherein the pixels comprises a ranging pixel including a light collecting member, a waveguide, and first and second photoelectric conversion units, wherein: the first and second units are arranged along a first direction; when a region decentered from a center of pupil in a second direction opposite to the first direction is a first pupil region, a region decentered in the first direction is a second pupil region, a region located in the second direction is a first region, and a region located in the first direction is a second region, the collecting member collects lights passed through the first and second pupil regions to the second and first regions; and the waveguide guides lights collected in the second and first regions toward the first and second units.

Abstract: A ranging apparatus has an imaging unit including a pixel group for acquiring first and second images formed by luminous fluxes having passed through first and second pupil areas of an imaging optical system, and a calculation unit configured to create third and fourth images by performing convolution integrals on the first and second images with corrected first and second image modification functions, and to calculate a distance up to the subject by comparison of the third and fourth images, wherein the corrected first and second image modification functions are formed by causing centroid positions calculated based on data of sampling points of the first and second image modification functions corresponding to pixel arrangement of the pixel group to each coincide with a sampling point closest to the centroid position; and the convolution integral is performed by taking the sampling point closest to the centroid position as a reference point.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting layer and a fine structure interposed between the light-emitting layer and a substrate, wherein the fine structure includes a laminate of a first fine substructure and a second fine substructure, the first and second fine substructures each includes a first member and second members disposed in the first member, the second members having a refractive index different from the refractive index of the first member and being periodically arranged in a direction parallel to a surface of the substrate, and the second members of the first fine substructure and the second members of the second fine substructure have different arrangement periods.

Abstract: An imaging device for photoelectric conversion includes a plurality of pixels receiving light fluxes from an exit pupil of an optical system. At least part of the pixels are ranging pixels, each including a plurality of photoelectric conversion sections configured to receive light fluxes from a plurality of pupil areas in the exit pupil and a waveguide formed by a core and a clad that guides the light fluxes to the photoelectric conversion section. At least some of the ranging pixels include respective attenuating members arranged in the clad at a position opposite to the photoelectric conversion sections corresponding to pupil areas containing a large number of light fluxes representing a large angle relative to the normal at the pixel center of the ranging pixel having the attenuating member with regard to the pupil division direction on the ranging pixel corresponding to the displacement direction of the pupil areas.

Abstract: A ranging apparatus has an imaging unit including a pixel group for acquiring first and second images formed by luminous fluxes having passed through first and second pupil areas of an imaging optical system, and a calculation unit configured to create third and fourth images by performing convolution integrals on the first and second images with corrected first and second image modification functions, and to calculate a distance up to the subject by comparison of the third and fourth images, wherein the corrected first and second image modification functions are formed by causing centroid positions calculated based on data of sampling points of the first and second image modification functions corresponding to pixel arrangement of the pixel group to each coincide with a sampling point closest to the centroid position; and the convolution integral is performed by taking the sampling point closest to the centroid position as a reference point.

Abstract: Provided is a solid-state imaging device capable of ranging with high precision even when the pixel size is small. The solid-state imaging device includes: an optical waveguide having multiple regions with different refractive indices; and a photoelectric conversion unit for converting light guided through the optical waveguide into an electrical signal. The optical waveguide includes a main waveguide located on a light incident side, and a first sub waveguide and a second sub waveguide connected to the main waveguide and located on the photoelectric conversion unit side. The main waveguide guides light which enters from a first direction and light which enters from a second direction. The first sub waveguide and the second sub waveguide guide light which has entered from the first direction and has passed through the main waveguide and light which has entered from the second direction and has passed through the main waveguide, respectively.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes an imaging optical system having an exit pupil and an image sensor having pixels including first and second pixels. Each pixel has high and low sensitivity light receiving sections and a pupil dividing means. Each of the first pixels is arranged near one of the second pixels. The pupil dividing means guides light from a part of the exit pupil of the imaging optical system to the high or low sensitivity light receiving section in a first pixel and guides light from another part of the exit pupil of the imaging optical system to the high or low sensitivity light receiving section in the neighboring second pixel. The positional relation between the high and low sensitivity light receiving sections relative to the center in a pixel is mutually inverted in the pupil dividing direction between a first pixel and the neighboring second pixel.

Abstract: An image display apparatus, which has a high contrast and can suppress the contrast variation and the effect of unwanted reflections regardless of the environment, comprises a luminescent layer; an excitation source which excites the luminescent layer; a front layer which obtains display light by transmitting light generated by the luminescent layer excited by the excitation source; and a periodic structure which is provided between the front layer and the luminescent layer and has a periodic refractive index distribution in a surface parallel to the front layer, wherein the periodic structure satisfies a relation of a following expression and the periodic interval of the periodic structure is 1 ?m or greater and 3 ?m or less. The expression being given by, 1<Nsub?Neff where Neff denotes an effective refractive index of the periodic structure and Nsub denotes a refractive index of a medium constituting the front layer.

Abstract: Provided is a display device which includes a front plate, a light emitting layer, a scattering layer and an excitation source. The front plate is formed by medium which is transparent to light of a wavelength in a visible range. An excitation source has a mechanism to excite a light emitting layer. The light emitting layer includes a light emitting medium. A scattering layer is provided on the back side of the light emitting layer which scatters at least a part of light produced by the light emitting layer and has an effective refractive index higher than that of the light emitting layer.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a light-emitting layer and a fine structure interposed between the light-emitting layer and a substrate, wherein the fine structure includes a laminate of a first fine substructure and a second fine substructure, the first and second fine substructures each includes a first member and second members disposed in the first member, the second members having a refractive index different from the refractive index of the first member and being periodically arranged in a direction parallel to a surface of the substrate, and the second members of the first fine substructure and the second members of the second fine substructure have different arrangement periods.

Abstract: The image display apparatus includes a light transmissive substrate, and plural pixels arranged on a further inner side than the substrate. Each pixel includes a light emission layer in which phosphor particles are dispersed in a background medium having a same refractive index as that of the phosphor particle, and an excitation source exciting the phosphor particles to cause them to emit light. Each pixel further includes a refractive index distribution structure disposed between the substrate and the light emission layer and having a periodic refractive index distribution in a direction along an inner surface of the substrate.

Abstract: An image display device includes a display surface constituted of a plurality of pixels, each of the pixels having a light-emitting layer, a front panel arranged at the ambient light entering side relative to the light-emitting layer, and a structure layer arranged between the light-emitting layer and the front panel. The structure layer has a structure containing particles arranged in a surrounding region and showing a refractive index distribution in a plane parallel to the display surface, each of the particles being constituted of a core and a shell forming an outer peripheral region relative to the core. The core, the shell, and the front panel and/or the surrounding region have different respective refractive indexes satisfying the requirement of Ncore (refractive index of core)>Nshell (refractive index of shell)>Nlow (refractive index of front panel or surrounding region whichever lower).

Abstract: An image display apparatus, which has a high contrast and can suppress the contrast variation and the effect of unwanted reflections regardless of the environment, comprises a luminescent layer; an excitation source which excites the luminescent layer; a front layer which obtains display light by transmitting light generated by the luminescent layer excited by the excitation source; and a periodic structure which is provided between the front layer and the luminescent layer and has a periodic refractive index distribution in a surface parallel to the front layer, wherein the periodic structure satisfies a relation of a following expression and the periodic interval of the periodic structure is 1 ?m or greater and 3 ?m or less. 1<Nsub?Neff Where Neff denotes an effective refractive index of the periodic structure and Nsub denotes a refractive index of a medium constituting the front layer.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a waveguide, which includes a three-dimensional photonic crystal including a first linear defect and a second linear defect. The first linear defect is disposed at part of columnar structures and is formed of a medium different from the columnar structures. The second linear defect is disposed at part of columnar structures extending in the longitudinal direction of the first linear defect and is formed of a medium having a refractive index different from that of the medium used for the columnar structures. The second linear defect is separated from the first linear defect by a distance of at least 0.5 times the out-of-plane lattice period of the three-dimensional photonic crystal in a direction in which layers including the columnar structures are stacked.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a method for fabricating a three-dimensional photonic crystal. In the method for fabricating the three-dimensional photonic crystal, a plurality of layers can be defined as one unit, and the total thickness of the one unit can be controlled such that an average layer-thickness of the plurality of layers in the one unit is about equal to the ideal layer-thickness so that a photonic band-gap occurs in a desired wavelength region.