Abstract: A pipe joint with which loss of rotational force added by electric tools or man power is made remarkably small, and a fastening ring can be diminished with small torque, plural fastening rings 6 vertically wound for a predetermined center angle of 360° to 480°, a guiding member 8 holding the fastening rings 6 as to restrict falling of the fastening rings 6 and allow diminishing deformation, an approximately triangular toggle member 11 disposed to protrude in a radial outer direction from the fastening rings 6 in a pipe unconnected state, and a bolt-nut connection X for moving a central peak portion of a toggle member 11 in a radial inner direction as to reduce a height dimension of the toggle member 11, are provided.

Abstract: To provide a pipe joint with which loss of rotational force added by electric tools or man power is made remarkably small, and a fastening ring can be diminished with small torque, plural fastening rings 6 vertically wound for a predetermined center angle of 360° to 480°, a guiding member 8 holding the fastening rings 6 as to restrict falling of the fastening rings 6 and allow diminishing deformation, an approximately triangular toggle member 11 disposed to protrude in a radial outer direction from the fastening rings 6 in a pipe unconnected state, and a bolt-nut connection X for moving a central peak portion of the toggle member 11 in a radial inner direction as to reduce a height dimension of the toggle member 11, are provided. The fastening ring 6 has a hitching claw portion 7 protruding in the radial outer direction, and a foot side end portion of the toggle member 11, hitching to the hitching claw portion 7, moves in a peripheral direction as to diminish the fastening ring 6 in diameter.

Abstract: To provide a pipe joint having sufficient pipe drawing force, a pipe-fastening ring unit U of double elastic construction, having a C-shaped fastening ring body for clamping as an inner layer and a C-shaped elastic mounted body 10 to augment clamping force added as an outer layer of the elastic fastening ring body 5, is provided.

Abstract: A bullet-mark information memory unit (250) stores bullet hole information containing a normal map defining a recess of a bullet hole. An original image drawing unit (261) draws an original image containing an object having undergone lighting. A synthesizing unit (262) synthesizes a bullet hole to which a normal map is applied with a hit location of the drawn object. A compensation value calculating unit (263) calculates a compensation value based on a relationship between a normal line of the object and a light source direction. A brightness value calculating unit (264) calculates a brightness value based on a relationship between a normal line direction of a bullet through a normal map and a light source direction, and a relationship with the calculated compensation value. A shading unit (265) uses the calculated brightness value and performs shading which changes a tone of the object at a synthesis position.

Abstract: A bullet-mark information memory unit (250) stores bullet hole information containing a normal map defining a recess of a bullet hole. An original image drawing unit (261) draws an original image containing an object having undergone lighting. A synthesizing unit (262) synthesizes a bullet hole to which a normal map is applied with a hit location of the drawn object. A compensation value calculating unit (263) calculates a compensation value based on a relationship between a normal line of the object and a light source direction. A brightness value calculating unit (264) calculates a brightness 10 value based on a relationship between a normal line direction of a bullet through a normal map and a light source direction, and a relationship with the calculated compensation value. A shading unit (265) uses the calculated brightness value and performs shading which changes a tone of the object at a synthesis position.