Abstract: An active matrix display apparatus comprising a pair of substrates, at least one of which is translucent, a display medium charged between the substrates and modulated of its optical characteristics in response to applied voltage, picture element electrodes disposed in a matrix at the inner surface of either one of the pair of substrates, switching elements electrically connected to the picture element electrodes respectively, and spare switching elements disposed close to the picture element electrodes in a non-conductive state respectively, the extension end of the spare switching element and one end of the picture element electrode are disposed on a metal piece so as to sandwich an insulating layer therebetween, whereby a picture element defect caused by a malfunction of switching elements can be readily corrected.

Abstract: A matrix display apparatus with a layered structure in which driving wires are layered on repair wires to sandwhich an insulating film therebetween, whereby it is possible to carry out complete driving of the display apparatus so that the location of picture element defects can be identified.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device utilizing an insulating substrate, a plurality of transparent electrodes disposed on the insulating substrate in a matrix fashion to form a plurality of pixels, and at least two thin film transistors disposed in the vicinity of each of the transparent electrodes on the insulating substrate, each the thin film transistor having a drain electrode, a source electrode and a gate electrode. The drain electrode is connected to the transparent electrode, a gate electrode line for each line or column of the transparent electrodes is disposed on the insulating substrate in the vicinity thereof and each gate electrode of the thin film transistors connected to each of the transparent electrodes of the line or column are connected in common thereto. The source electrode lines for each column or line of the transparent electrodes are disposed on the insulating substrate in the vicinity thereof and at a right angle to the gate electrode line.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus including a tubular light source and a member having a plurality of reflective surfaces which are angularly set such that light from the light source is reflected in a predetermined direction of a viewing angle by each of the reflective surfaces. A ratio of an apparent width of each of the reflective surfaces to an apparent interval of adjacent ones of the reflective surfaces, when viewed from the predetermined direction of the viewing angle, is so set as to be a function of a distance between the light source and each of the reflective surfaces.