Abstract: A transmitter apparatus wherein a simple structure is used to successfully suppress the degradation of error rate performance that otherwise would be caused by fading or the like. There are included encoding parts that encode transport data; a mapping part that performs such a mapping that encoded data sequentially formed by the encoding parts are not successively included in the same symbol, thereby forming data symbols; and a symbol interleaver that interleaves the data symbols. In this way, a low computational complexity can be used to perform an interleaving process equivalent to a bit interleaving process to effectively improve the reception quality at a receiving end.

Abstract: Modulated signal A is transmitted from a first antenna, and modulated signal B is transmitted from a second antenna. As modulated signal B, modulated symbols S2(i) and S2(i+1) obtained from different data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. In contrast, as modulated signal A, modulated symbols S1(i) and S1(i)? obtained by changing the signal point arrangement of the same data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. As a result the reception quality can be changed intentionally at time i and time i+1, and therefore using the demodulation result of modulated signal A of a time when the reception quality is good enables both modulated signals A and B to be demodulated with good error rate performances.

Abstract: Modulated signal A is transmitted from a first antenna, and modulated signal B is transmitted from a second antenna. As modulated signal B, modulated symbols S2(i) and S2(i+1) obtained from different data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. In contrast, as modulated signal A, modulated symbols S1(i) and S1(i)? obtained by changing the signal point arrangement of the same data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. As a result the reception quality can be changed intentionally at time i and time i+1, and therefore using the demodulation result of modulated signal A of a time when the reception quality is good enables both modulated signals A and B to be demodulated with good error rate performances.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a charging roller and a developing voltage application portion. The charging roller is in contact with a rotating image carrier to charge the image carrier. The developing voltage application portion applies a developing bias voltage including an AC component to a developing roller in a developing portion, when the image carrier is in a rotation state with no image. The rotation state with no image indicates a state in which the charged image carrier rotates with no electrostatic latent image being formed thereon. The developing portion supplies toner containing an external additive to the image carrier.

Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication is provided which allows high accuracy estimation of frequency offset, high accuracy estimation of a transmission path fluctuation and high accuracy synchronization/signal detection. Pilot symbol mapping is provided for forming pilot carriers by assigning orthogonal sequences to corresponding subcarriers among OFDM signals which are transmitted at the same time from respective antennas in the time domain. Even when pilot symbols are multiplexed among a plurality of channels (antennas), this allows frequency offset/phase noise to be estimated with high accuracy.

Abstract: A transmitter apparatus wherein a relatively simple structure is used to suppress burst errors without changing the block sizes of encoded blocks even when the number of modulation multi-values is increased. An encoding part subjects transport data to a block encoding process to form block encoded data. A modulating part modulates the block encoded data to form data symbols; and an arranging (interleaving) part arranges (interleaves) the block encoded data in such a manner that the intra-block encoded data of the encoded blocks, which include their respective single different data symbol, get together, and then supplies the arranged (interleaved) block encoded data to the modulating part. In this way, there can be provided a transmitter apparatus wherein a relatively simple structure is used to suppress burst errors without changing the block sizes of encoded blocks even when the number of modulation multi-values is increased.

Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication is provided which allows high accuracy estimation of frequency offset, high accuracy estimation of a transmission path fluctuation and high accuracy synchronization/signal detection. Pilot symbol mapping is provided for forming pilot carriers by assigning orthogonal sequences to corresponding subcarriers among OFDM signals which are transmitted at the same time from respective antennas in the time domain. Even when pilot symbols are multiplexed among a plurality of channels (antennas), this allows frequency offset/phase noise to be estimated with high accuracy.

Abstract: An on-board radar apparatus includes a transmitter/receiver that transmits a radar signal to a detection range every frame and receives one or more reflected signals which are the radar signal reflected by one or more objects; a detector that detects, every frame in each direction within the detection range, a position of a reflection point closest to the on-board radar apparatus as a boundary candidate position, which serves as a boundary with a region where no object exists within the detection range, among one or more reflection points detected on the basis of the one or more reflected signals; a calculator that calculates movement amount concerning an amount of movement of the on-board radar apparatus; an estimator that generates, every frame in each direction within the detection range, an estimated boundary position by converting the boundary candidate position detected in a past frame into a boundary position in a current frame on the basis of the movement amount; and a smoother that performs, every fr

Abstract: A transmission apparatus includes a plurality of antennas and a transmission scheme determination processor that selects one of either a first transmission scheme of transmitting a plurality of signals including a first amount of data in a frame, respectively, from the plurality of antennas, and a second transmission scheme of transmitting a plurality of signals including a second greater amount of data in a frame, respectively, from the plurality of antennas. The apparatus includes a modulation scheme selection processor that selects a modulation scheme among a plurality of modulation schemes and a control processor that controls the transmission scheme determination processor and the modulation scheme selection processor to change the transmission scheme less frequently than the modulation scheme. A transmitter transmits from the plurality of antennas a signal generated based on the selected transmission scheme and the selected modulation scheme.

Abstract: In a multi-antenna communication system using LDPC codes, a simple method is used to effectively improve the received quality by performing a retransmittal of less data without restricting applicable LDPC codes. In a case of a non-retransmittal, a multi-antenna transmitting apparatus transmits, from two antennas, LDPC encoded data formed by LDPC encoding blocks. In a case of a retransmittal, the multi-antenna transmitting apparatus uses a transmission method, in which the diversity gain is higher than in the previous transmission, to transmit only a part of the LDPC encoded data as previously transmitted. For example, the only the part of the LDPC encoded data to be re-transmitted is transmitted from the single antenna.

Abstract: A communication processor that is compatible with a plurality of communication protocols while limiting increases in circuit scale is provided. The communication processor includes a computational processing circuit resource having a plurality of programmable function units (FUs). An operation mode determination unit determines an operation mode indicating a communication protocol application state. A permitted processing time determination unit determines a permitted processing time in accordance with the determined operation mode. In accordance with the permitted processing time, a resource allocation unit divides the plurality of FUs and allocates computational resources for each communication protocol indicated by the operation mode. A region controller controls the allocated computation resources. The computational processing circuit resource outputs data from after the computational processing at the timing when the computation processing ends.

Abstract: Of any one of a transmission method X of transmitting modulated signal A and modulated signal B including the same data from a plurality of antennas and a transmission method Y of transmitting modulated signal A and modulated signal B having different data from the plurality of antennas, a base station apparatus does not change the transmission method during data transmission and changes only the modulation scheme. The base station apparatus transmits modulated signal A and modulated signal B to a communication terminal apparatus using the determined transmission method and modulation scheme. In this way, it is possible to improve data transmission efficiency when transmitting data using the plurality of antennas.

Abstract: In a multi-antenna communication system using LDPC codes, a simple method is used to effectively improve the received quality by performing a retransmittal of less data without restricting applicable LDPC codes. In a case of a non-retransmittal, a multi-antenna transmitting apparatus transmits, from two antennas, LDPC encoded data formed by LDPC encoding blocks. In a case of a retransmittal, the multi-antenna transmitting apparatus uses a transmission method, in which the diversity gain is higher than in the previous transmission, to transmit only a part of the LDPC encoded data as previously transmitted. For example, the only the part of the LDPC encoded data to be re-transmitted is transmitted from the single antenna.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a roller body, a spindle, and at least one groove. The roller body contacts with an outer circumferential surface of an image carrier, and is conductive. The spindle is provided in a center of the roller body. The groove is formed in each of side walls of the roller body at opposite ends in an axis direction of the roller body, and extends outward in a radial direction from the spindle.

Abstract: A developing device includes a magnetic roller, a developing roller, a cover, a first magnetic force generator, a second magnetic force generator with a different polarity, and a movement controller. A roller surface of the magnetic roller holds toner and magnetic carrier, the toner being adhered to the magnetic carrier. The developing roller is arranged to face the magnetic roller. The first magnetic force generator is provided inside the magnetic roller such that a magnetic pole face thereof faces the developing roller. The second magnetic force generator is provided inside the developing roller so as to be able to move between a first position and a second position. A magnetic pole face of the second magnetic force generator faces the magnetic roller at the first position and faces the cover at the second position. The movement controller causes the second magnetic force generator to move between positions.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus and method transmits different modulated signals from a plurality of antennas, and employs a configuration that includes a modulation section that obtains a modulated signal by performing signal point mapping of transmit bits using a signal point arrangement that is divided into a plurality of signal point sets on the IQ plane, whereby the minimum distance between signal points within a signal point set is smaller than the minimum signal point distance between signal point sets; and an antenna that transmits a modulated signal obtained by the modulation section. A signal point generating apparatus generates a first and second symbols to be transmitted by first and second antennas, respectively.

Abstract: Modulated signal A is transmitted from a first antenna, and modulated signal B is transmitted from a second antenna. As modulated signal B, modulated symbols S2(i) and S2(i+1) obtained from different data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. In contrast, as modulated signal A, modulated symbols S1(i) and S1(i)? obtained by changing the signal point arrangement of the same data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. As a result the reception quality can be changed intentionally at time i and time i+1, and therefore using the demodulation result of modulated signal A of a time when the reception quality is good enables both modulated signals A and B to be demodulated with good error rate performances.

Abstract: MIMO-OFDM communication is provided which allows high accuracy estimation of frequency offset, high accuracy estimation of a transmission path fluctuation and high accuracy synchronization/signal detection. Pilot symbol mapping is provided for forming pilot carriers by assigning orthogonal sequences to corresponding subcarriers among OFDM signals which are transmitted at the same time from respective antennas in the time domain. Even when pilot symbols are multiplexed among a plurality of channels (antennas), this allows frequency offset/phase noise to be estimated with high accuracy.

Abstract: A transmitter apparatus wherein a relatively simple structure is used to suppress burst errors without changing the block sizes of encoded blocks even when the number of modulation multi-values is increased. An encoding part subjects transport data to a block encoding process to form block encoded data. A modulating part modulates the block encoded data to form data symbols; and an arranging (interleaving) part arranges (interleaves) the block encoded data in such a manner that the intra-block encoded data of the encoded blocks, which include their respective single different data symbol, get together, and then supplies the arranged (interleaved) block encoded data to the modulating part. In this way, there can be provided a transmitter apparatus wherein a relatively simple structure is used to suppress burst errors without changing the block sizes of encoded blocks even when the number of modulation multi-values is increased.

Abstract: Modulated signal A is transmitted from a first antenna, and modulated signal B is transmitted from a second antenna. As modulated signal B, modulated symbols S2(i) and S2(i+1) obtained from different data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. In contrast, as modulated signal A, modulated symbols S1(i) and S1(i)? obtained by changing the signal point arrangement of the same data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. As a result the reception quality can be changed intentionally at time i and time i+1, and therefore using the demodulation result of modulated signal A of a time when the reception quality is good enables both modulated signals A and B to be demodulated with good error rate performances.