Abstract: A device for load detection with altitude adaptation is described, wherein the load is determined based on an altitude-dependent main load signal and a collateral load signal not dependent on the altitude. In connection with defined driving conditions it is possible to detect an altitude deviation by comparison of the main load signal with the collateral load signal. The result of the comparison is integrated in an integrator with a variable time constant to form an adaptation factor, by means of which the collateral load signal is then corrected. The time constant of the integrator is changed in such a way that an altitude adaptation takes place as a function of the maximally possible altitude error.

Abstract: A control system and method for an internal-combustion engine with which the torque output of the internal-combustion engine can be reduced by suppressing the injection of fuel in individual cylinders in accordance with specifiable suppression patterns or by shifting the ignition firing point or the ignition angle. The suppression pattern is selected in dependence upon the desired torque reduction. The suppression of cylinders is allowed, however, only when in the case of the selected suppression pattern the number of cylinders to be suppressed per working cycle lies above a threshold value. The threshold value is selected in dependence upon the operating state of the internal-combustion engine, in particular on at least one of the following operating parameters: temperature of the internal-combustion engine, exhaust gas temperature, catalytic-converter temperature, load, rotational frequency, and a variable indicating whether a warm-up function of the internal-combustion engine has been activated.

Abstract: In a system and a method for determining the speed gradient dn/dt of a shaft of an internal combustion engine, the speed gradient dn/dt is determined as a function of the third power of the speed and the difference between two segment times in the control device. The speed gradient is only determined in phases which are not time-critical, while segment times are read in or stored only in time-critical phases so that the data required for controlling and regulating the internal combustion engine can be calculated in these time-critical phases independently from the determination of the speed gradient.

Abstract: A device for detecting the position of a shaft of an internal combustion engine is described, in which a sensor disc which is connected to the shaft and has at least one reference mark is sensed by at least one sensor and the output signals obtained are evaluated in the control device. So that the position of the shaft is known immediately after the internal combustion engine is started up, the last position to be determined after the internal combustion engine is switched off and after the shaft coasts to a standstill is stored in a non-volatile memory of the control device and, after the internal combustion engine is switched on again, is used to determine and output the first fuel injections during a starting phase.In order to improve the accuracy, a detection of the direction of rotation is additionally carried out so that a correction can take place if the shaft turns backwards to a certain degree as a result of the engine swinging back.

Abstract: In a separation system (1 to 11) for tube reactors or autoclaves, which are used for the polymerization of ethylene or copolymerization of ethylene with ethylenically unsaturated comonomers in the presence of an initiator under from 500 to 4,000 bar and at from 150.degree. to 350.degree. C., for reducing the emission of solids during pressure relief processes of the reaction mixture present in the reactor or autoclave, the reaction mixture let down is fed via two or more separating containers (1, 1a) installed in series before it reaches the atmosphere.

Abstract: The pressure in a continuous high pressure polymerization system, in which ethylene, with or without comonomers, is polymerized under high pressures and temperatures and the unconverted amounts of gas are recycled through the high pressure recycle gas system into the polymerization system, is rapidly reduced to below the particular reaction pressure when predetermined limiting pressure and/or temperature values are exceeded or when other faults occur by opening one or more pressure-relief apparatuses mounted on the high pressure polymerization system and transferring the hot let-down reaction mixture from the polymerization system via one or more let-down lines through one or more separator systems into the atmosphere, by a process in which the high pressure polymerization system is divided into a plurality of isolated sections at the same time as the let-down process is triggered and only the section in which the let-down process is triggered is let down to the atmosphere.

Abstract: Copolymers of ethylene with vinyl esters are prepared in a continuously operated tubular polymerization system at high pressure and temperatures by feeding a mixture of ethylene, vinyl ester, initiator and, if appropriate, regulant into the polymerization system in the form of a mainstream at the inlet point thereof and at the same time through two or more secondary streams downstream of the inlet point, secondary streams (I) being metered in at points where the reaction temperature has just exceeded a maximum temperature due to the heat of polymerization and secondary streams (II) at points which, relative to the direction of flow of the ethylene, are upstream of the feed points of secondary streams (I) and upstream of the respective maximum temperature.

Abstract: Copolymers of ethylene with acrylates or solutions of free acrylic acid in acrylates are prepared in a continuously operated tubular polymerization system at high pressures and temperatures by feeding a mixture of ethylene, acrylate, initiator and, if appropriate, regulant into the polymerization system in the form of a main stream at the inlet point thereof and at the same time through two or more secondary streams, secondary streams (I) being metered in at points where the reaction temperature has just exceeded a maximum temperature due to the heat of polymerization and secondary streams (II) at points which, relative to the direction of flow of the ethylene, are upstream of the feed points of secondary streams (I) and upstream of the respective maximum temperature.

Abstract: Copolymers of ethylene containing not more than 4 moles, based on 100 moles of ethylene, of copolymerized C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenecarboxylic acids are prepared in a continuously operated tubular polymerization system under high pressures and temperatures in the presence of a polymerization initiator by a process in which a mixture of ethylene, the alkenecarboxylic acid, if required a further monomer which is copolymerizable with ethylene, an initiator and, if required, a regulator is fed into the polymerization system at its entrance and at the same time at a second point downstream of the entrance, along the polymerization system, where the reaction temperature has exceeded a maximum, the amount of alkenecarboxylic acid at the entrance of the polymerization system being not more than 0.3, preferably less than 0.28, mole, based on 100 moles of ethylene, and the remainder being metered in at the second feed point.

Abstract: A process for the continuous production of an ethylene copolymer by compressing a mixture of ethylene and comonomer in a pre-compressor and a post-compressor, copolymerizing the mixture in a polymerization zone at a high temperature and high pressure, transferring the reaction mixture into a high pressure product isolation zone, from there into a low pressure product isolation zone and thereafter into a discharge extruder, and recycling the greater part of the unconverted monomer into the polymerization process and passing a small part of the unconverted gas into a low temperature isolation zone, in which process a small part of the gas recycled from the high pressure product isolation zone is passed into the low temperature isolation zone, which is preferably under a pressure of from 10 to 30 bar and at from -10.degree. to -50.degree. C., and all the gas taken off the low pressure product isolation zone is fed to the pre-compressor.

Abstract: A continuous process for the manufacture of ethylene copolymers under high pressure and at high temperature in a polymerization zone, with transfer of the reaction mixture into a high pressure product isolation zone and from there into a low pressure product isolation zone, and recycling of the unconverted gas from the high pressure product isolation zone into the polymerization zone and from the low pressure product isolation zone into a low temperature separator, from where the comonomer separated off is recycled to the polymerization process, while the ethylene is discharged as off-gas. The gas taken off the low pressure product isolation zone is preferably compressed to from 10 to 20 bar and cooled to from -10.degree. to -30.degree. C. before it is fed into the low temperature separator. There is a substantial improvement in the efficiency of separating off the comonomer.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of ethylene polymers by polymerizing ethylene under high pressures and at high temperatures in the presence of from 0.01 to 0.5 percent by weight of an alkyl ester (alkyl being of 1 to 8 carbon atoms) of an alkenemonocarboxylic acid of 3 or 4 carbon atoms. n-Butyl acrylate is a particularly suitable polymerization activator. Although the start temperature of the ethylene polymerization is relatively low, there is no difference in mechanical and optical properties of a blown film manufactured from the resulting ethylene polymer and of a blown film of pure polyethylene.

Abstract: A process for the high pressure polymerization of ethylene at elevated temperatures in a polymerization zone followed by transfer of the reaction mixture, through a cooling zone, into the separation zone. In this process, the pressure at the cooling zone outlet is periodically reduced briefly, at recurring intervals, these brief pressure reductions being independent of the pressure reductions in the polymerization zone. Using this process, the conversion in the polymerization unit can be increased and a more homogeneous ethylene polymer can be obtained.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of copolymers of ethylene with tert-butyl acrylate and acrylic acid at from 200.degree. to 350.degree. C under pressures above 800 atmospheres using mean residence times of up to at most 100 seconds, in which the reaction mixture obtained from the polymerization is kept for from 2 to 10 minutes at from 200.degree. to 250.degree. C under a pressure of not more than 500 atmospheres. Terpolymers are obtained which may be used as hot-melt adhesives in the form of thin and extremely homogeneous films.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of copolymers of ethylene with n-butyl acrylate in a polymerization zone at pressures above 800 atmospheres and at from 150.degree. to 350.degree. C, wherein the reaction mixture obtained is transferred, via a cooling zone which is at a pressure below 500 atmospheres and at from 150.degree. to 250.degree. C, into the high pressure product isolation zone, the mean residence time of the reaction mixture in the two zones being from 2 to 10 minutes. A copolymer which gives good films is obtained.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate at pressures above 800 atmospheres and at from 150.degree. to 350.degree. C, using mean residence times of up to at most 100 seconds. The reaction mixture obtained from the polymerization is kept for from 2 to 10 minutes at from 150.degree. to 250.degree. C under a pressure below 500 atmospheres. Homogeneous ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers are obtained without the formation of substantial amounts of free acetic acid by decomposition of the vinyl acetate.