Abstract: Substituted 4-phenoxy-phenols are prepared by adding the corresponding anilines in liquid or molten state together with aqueous sodium nitrite solution in equimolar amounts to excess HCl and introducing the diazonium chloride solution obtained into a boiling mixture of about half-concentrated H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Cyanohydrin acylates of aldehydes are manufactured by reacting aldehydes with aqueous solutions of cyanides and organic acid chlorides or anhydrides in the molar ratio of aldehyde:cyanide:acid chloride or anhydride of 1:1:1 with deviations of at most only about 10%, optionally in the presence of an inert organic solvent immiscible with water in a one-stage process. The process products are intermediates mainly in the fields of pharmaceuticals and plant protection.

Abstract: N-Vinyl-N-alkyl-carboxylic acid amides are prepared, starting from N-ethyl-carboxylic acid amides, in a 3-stage process consisting of the following stages:(a) anodic alkoxylation of the N-ethyl-carboxylic acid amides to give N-.alpha.-alkoxyethyl-carboxylic acid amides;(b) alkylation of these N-.alpha.-alkoxyethyl-carboxylic acid amides with an alkyl halide or dialkyl sulfate in an alkaline medium to give N-.alpha.-alkoxyethyl-N-alkyl-carboxylic acid amides; and(c) splitting off of alcohol from the products of stage (b) by heating to temperatures between about 60.degree. and about 350.degree. C.Instead of stages (b) and (c), it is also possible to carry out the following stages after stage (a):(b.sub.1) splitting off of alcohol from the N-.alpha.-alkoxyethylcarboxylic acid amides obtained in stage (a) by heating to temperatures of about 60.degree. to about 600.degree. C., to give N-vinyl-carboxylic acid amides; and(c.sub.

Abstract: Process for preparing phosphonic acid dihalides of the formula ##EQU1## wherein R is alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 4 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, phenyl, phenalkyl or alkyl-phenyl of 7 to 8 carbon atoms, phenyl, phenalkyl or alkyl-phenyl of 7 to 8 carbon atoms, all radicals R optionally being substituted by chlorine, bromine, cyano or lower acyloxy, and wherein X is halogen such as 2-chloroethane phosphonic acid dichloride, by reacting phosphonic or thio-phosphonic acids of the formula ##EQU2## wherein Y is oxygen or sulfur, their salts or functional derivatives, with acid halides of the formula(CO).sub.n X.sub.2 (III)wherein X is chlorine or bromine and n is 1 or 2, in the presence of 0.2 - 5% or in the presence of 0.01 to 0.2% by weight of1.