Abstract: A primary pump current is directed through a primary electrochemical cell system between first and second constant primary pump currents to direct a first ion flow into and out from a shared measuring chamber. A first output signal generated by the primary electrochemical cell system in accordance with a first ion concentration within the shared measuring chamber is detected. A second output signal generated by a secondary electrochemical cell system in accordance with a second ion concentration within the shared measuring chamber is also detected. Based on a relationship between the first and second output signals, a secondary pump current is directed through the secondary electrochemical cell system between first and second constant secondary pump currents to direct a second ion flow into and out from the shared measuring chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method maximizes efficiency and accuracy of measuring an ion concentration of a measured fluid by varying a flow of ions within a measuring cell in accordance with an output signal of a sensor cell. The pump current through a pump cell is switched between a constant positive current and a constant negative current when upper and lower thresholds of the output signal are reached. The pulse width ratio of the square wave produced by the varying current is compared to a pulse width ratio function derived from a calibration procedure to determine the ion concentration of the measured fluid. In one embodiment, the functions of the pump cell and sensing cell are performed by a single electrochemical cell.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method maximizes efficiency and accuracy of measuring an ion concentration of a measured fluid by varying a flow of ions within a measuring cell (1006) in accordance with an output signal of a sensor cell. The pump current through a pump cell is switched between a constant positive current and a constant negative current when upper and lower thresholds of the output signal are reached. The pulse width ratio of the square wave produced by the varying current is compared to a pulse width ratio function derived from a calibration procedure to determine the ion concentration of the measured fluid. In one embodiment, the functions of the pump cell and sensing cell are performed by a single electrochemical cell. In an embodiment where a concentration of a compound is determined, a primary electrochemical cell system pumps an ion of an element of the compound into and out from a measuring chamber.

Abstract: A programmable vehicle gauge generates and presents display information in accordance with a user modifiable gauge processing configuration. In the exemplary embodiment, data from one or more digital sensor systems is extracted from a digital sensor signal in accordance with a user modifiable data extraction configuration, the extracted data is processed in accordance with a user modifiable display information generation configuration to generate the display information and a user modifiable presentation configuration defines how the display information is presented through an output device. In accordance with the user modifiable presentation configuration, a controller generates control signals to activate visual display devices in a particular format to present the display information generated from the extracted data.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method maximizes efficiency and accuracy of measuring an oxygen concentration of a measured gas by varying a flow of oxygen ions within a measuring cell (202) in accordance with an output signal of an oxygen sensor cell (206). The pump current (208) through a pump cell (204) is switched between a constant positive current and a constant negative current when upper and lower thresholds of the output signal are reached. The pulse width ratio of the square wave produced by the varying current is compared to a pulse width ratio function derived from a calibration procedure to determine the oxygen concentration of the measured gas.

Abstract: An exhaust guide guides exhaust gases within an exhaust system to an intake portion of a sensor when an input port and an output port of the exhaust guide are positioned within an exhaust gas flow. A high pressure region formed at the input port and a low pressure region formed at the output port facilitate the flow of the gases through a chamber housing that at least houses the intake portion of the sensor. Contamination of the sampled gases by outside air is minimized. In some configurations, the sensor is mounted outside of the exhaust system to increase the thermal isolation between the sensor and the exhaust system improving the performance and increasing the useful life of the sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method maximizes efficiency and accuracy of measuring an oxygen concentration of a measured gas by varying a flow of oxygen ions within a measuring cell (202) in accordance with an output signal of an oxygen sensor cell (206). The pump current (208) through a pump cell (204) is switched between a constant positive current and a constant negative current when upper and lower thresholds of the output signal are reached. The pulse width ratio of the square wave produced by the varying current is compared to a pulse width ratio function derived from a calibration procedure to determine the oxygen concentration of the measured gas.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method maximizes efficiency and accuracy of measuring an oxygen concentration of a measured gas by varying a flow of oxygen ions within a measuring cell (202) in accordance with an output signal of an oxygen sensor cell (206). The pump current (208) through a pump cell (204) is switched between a constant positive current and a constant negative current when upper and lower thresholds of the output signal are reached. The pulse width ratio of the square wave produced by the varying current is compared to a pulse width ratio function derived from a calibration procedure to determine the oxygen concentration of the measured gas.

Abstract: Reducing the amount of data required to describe a greyscale image is achieved by determining the modal greyscale and giving all pixels within a tolerance level of, for example, .+-.2 greyscale levels of the modal greyscale, a logic value of 0. This leads to significant data reduction since proportionally very many pixels are effected. The contrast extremes of the image are unaffected however so that the image remains reasonably comprehensible.