Abstract: The luminaire according to the invention comprises an inner space that is separated into a first section and a second section by a separating wall. While the first section is free and comprises at least one light source, an operating circuit for the light source and/or other components that form potential ignition sources and/or other components that may not be considered as ignition sources are arranged in the second section. The second section is provided with an open pored fill material. The separating wall comprises at least one opening that allows a flow connection between the two sections. The section of the inner space provided with fill material serves as pressure relief volume for the first section, in which the light source is arranged. The fill material can fill the section completely or partly.

Abstract: The luminaire according to the invention comprises an inner space that is separated into a first section and a second section by a separating wall. While the first section is free and comprises at least one light source, an operating circuit for the light source and/or other components that form potential ignition sources and/or other components that may not be considered as ignition sources are arranged in the second section. The second section is provided with an open pored fill material. The separating wall comprises at least one opening that allows a flow connection between the two sections. The section of the inner space provided with fill material serves as pressure relief volume for the first section, in which the light source is arranged. The fill material can fill the section completely or partly.

Abstract: In a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine, having a combustion chamber with at least one intake valve at an intake side and with at least one exhaust valve at an exhaust side of the combustion chamber and a central injection nozzle for injecting fuel into the combustion chamber, the injection nozzle has injection orifices which are designed and oriented in such a way that a first quantity of fuel is injected into the intake side, a second quantity of fuel injected is into the exhaust side, and a third quantity of fuel which is about equal to the first quantity and greater than the second quantity is injected into a boundary area between the intake and the exhaust sides, providing for a low-emission operation of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: An injection nozzle for the direct injection of a liquid fuel into a cylinder chamber of a piston engine includes multiple spray holes for generating injection jets. The multiple spray holes are distributed on a nozzle body of the injection nozzle in the peripheral direction. At least one pair of spray holes adjoining in the peripheral direction is provided, the longitudinal center axes of which enclose a pair angle in the peripheral direction that is smaller than an adjacent angle which is enclosed between the longitudinal center axis of the respective spray hole of the spray hole pair in the peripheral direction and a longitudinal center axis of a spray hole adjoining the spray hole pair in the peripheral direction.

Abstract: In a fuel injection system of an internal combustion engine, having a combustion chamber with at least one intake valve at an intake side and with at least one exhaust valve at an exhaust side of the combustion chamber and a central injection nozzle for injecting fuel into the combustion chamber, the injection nozzle has injection orifices which are designed and oriented in such a way that a first quantity of fuel is injected into the intake side, a second quantity of fuel injected is into the exhaust side, and a third quantity of fuel which is about equal to the first quantity and greater than the second quantity is injected into a boundary area between the intake and the exhaust sides, providing for a low-emission operation of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: In a method for operating a supercharged internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, at the same time an internal exhaust gas recirculation and an external exhaust gas recirculation are carried out in an engine operating range with lean burn operation modes, wherein the exhaust gas recirculation rate of the internal and the external exhaust gas recirculation is increased with increasing load and/or speed of the internal combustion engine in the lean engine operating range and, at high engine speeds and loads, a homogenous mixture operation is carried out. The invention also reside in an internal combustion engine for performing the method.

Abstract: An injection nozzle for the direct injection of a liquid fuel into a cylinder chamber of a piston engine includes multiple spray holes for generating injection jets. The multiple spray holes are distributed on a nozzle body of the injection nozzle in the peripheral direction. At least one pair of spray holes adjoining in the peripheral direction is provided, the longitudinal center axes of which enclose a pair angle in the peripheral direction that is smaller than an adjacent angle which is enclosed between the longitudinal center axis of the respective spray hole of the spray hole pair in the peripheral direction and a longitudinal center axis of a spray hole adjoining the spray hole pair in the peripheral direction.

Abstract: In a compressor of an exhaust gas turbocharger for an internal combustion engine including a compressor wheel which is rotatably mounted in a compressor inlet duct and an auxiliary rotor wheel arranged so as to be movable axially between a coupled position in engagement with the compressor wheel and a decoupled position, disengaged from the compressor wheel, an adjustable guide vane structure is provided which is movable by an adjusting element together with the auxiliary rotor wheel and a contoured flow control ring for controlling the combustion air flow to the compressor wheel and to the auxiliary rotor wheel.

Abstract: A fuel injector for the direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber of a mixture-compressing internal combustion engine having external ignition includes a valve housing formed by a nozzle body, and a seal which seals the fuel injector from a cylinder head of the internal combustion engine. The seal has a sleeve-type design with a structured cross section and extends across the axial length of the nozzle body.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine and a method of operating the engine which comprises a compressor having an impeller disposed in a housing including a main inlet duct in which the impeller is supported and an additional inlet duct joining the main inlet duct in the area of the compressor impeller, and valving means for controlling the gas supply to the inlet ducts and an electric motor connected to the compressor impeller for rotation therewith so that the compressor is operable by the electric motor and by the pressure drop in the air intake line of the engine, a flywheel is coupled to the impeller for storing rotational energy when the impeller is driven by the intake gas and returning the energy to the impeller when the pressure drop collapses upon a sudden increase in the demand for engine power.

Abstract: In a compressor of an exhaust gas turbocharger for an internal combustion engine including a compressor wheel which is rotatably mounted in a compressor inlet duct and an auxiliary rotor wheel arranged so as to be movable axially between a coupled position in engagement with the compressor wheel and a decoupled position, disengaged from the compressor wheel, an adjustable guide vane structure is provided which is movable by an adjusting element together with the auxiliary rotor wheel and a contoured flow control ring for controlling the combustion air flow to the compressor wheel and to the auxiliary rotor wheel.

Abstract: A fuel injector for the direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber of a mixture-compressing internal combustion engine having external ignition includes a valve housing formed by a nozzle body, and a seal which seals the fuel injector from a cylinder head of the internal combustion engine. The seal has a sleeve-type design with a structured cross section and extends across the axial length of the nozzle body.

Abstract: In a direct injection internal combustion engine with a combustion chamber which is delimited in each cylinder by a longitudinally movable piston and by the inner wall of a cylinder head, an injector injects fuel into the combustion chamber in order to form an ignitable fuel/air mixture with combustion air that is supplied separately, the mixture being ignited by a spark plug. The fuel is injected in a conical shape and the electrodes are protected from being wetted by fuel and from coking if they are located outside the lateral surface of the cone of fuel produced by the injection nozzle.

Abstract: In internal combustion engines with direct fuel injection an injector injects fuel into the combustion chamber to form an ignitable fuel/air mixture with separately supplied combustion air, with the mixture to be ignited by a spark plug. The fuel is injected in a cone shape and the electrodes are protected from being wetted with fuel and coking if they are disposed outside the lateral surface of the conical fuel jet generated by the injection nozzle. In order to bring ignitable mixture between the electrodes and to ensure optimal operating behavior of the internal combustion engine by improving the combustion sequence, a combustion chamber configuration is provided such that the conical fuel jet is injected in a free jet which is substantially uninfluenced by the combustion chamber perimeter, and the electrodes of the spark plug project into a fuel vortex extending from the lateral surface during injection.

Abstract: In a device for controlling an injection valve which can be operated by a piezo-actuator and which comprises a charging and discharging circuit for the controlled charging of the piezo-actuator to a certain piezo-voltage, the charging and discharging circuit includes a power supply with a multitude of voltage levels which correspond to various valve opening positions and a switching device for the controlled switch-over between the plurality of voltage levels.

Abstract: In a method for forming the mixture in a combustion space of an internal combustion engine, fuel is injected into the combustion space with a varying fuel mass flow during an operational cycle of the internal combustion engine. In one embodiment at least under certain engine operating conditions, three-stage fuel injection is carried out during the compression phase so that a main fuel quantity is injected in a first injection step, an additional fuel quantity with a reduced fuel mass flow is injected in a second injection step and an ignition fuel quantity is injected in a third injection step. In another embodiment, a fuel quantity is injected with a fuel mass flow which is reduced so that it falls steadily from a maximum initial value down to zero and, in accordance with a third method, a fuel quantity is injected during the induction phase with a fuel mass flow which is, at least at times, proportional to the air mass flow.

Abstract: The invention relates to a four-stroke internal combustion engine with compression ignition and internal exhaust gas recirulation by appropriate actuation of inlet and exhaust valves of at least one cylinder/piston unit. The invention provides for at least one inlet valve and at least one exhaust valve of the cylinder/piston unit to be actuable in such a way that the exhaust valve opening takes place before a charge-exchange top dead center position of a piston between an exhaust stroke and an intake stroke, and the exhaust valve closing takes place after this charge-exchange top dead center position at essentially the same time as the inlet valve opens, in order to displace exhaust gas from a combustion space of the cylinder/piston unit through the open exhaust valve into an exhaust duct and subsequently to suck it back from the exhaust duct into the combustion space.

Abstract: In a method for operating a spark ignition engine with direct fuel injection, in which the engine is operated either with charge stratification or with a homogeneous charge, the open and/or closed positions of the inlet and exhaust valves are controlled with variable timing depending on the engine operating condition. The timings are determined on the basis of basic timing settings, which are provided in basic timing performance graphs for operation with charge stratification and homogeneous charge operation. The basic timing settings are modified by means of correction values to raise the temperature of the exhaust gas for internal exhaust-gas recirculation and for causing a movement of the charge in the cylinders.

Abstract: A method reduces harmful exhaust-gas emissions of a spark-ignition, direct fuel injection engine operated with a lean fuel/air mixture. Under part load, the engine is operated in the stratified-charge mode with a &lgr; value of >1, and to reduce nitrogen oxides adsorbed on a catalyst, a jump to a homogeneous mode with air ratios of lambda <1 is carried out at specific intervals by throttling of the air quantity supplied and/or by an increase in the fuel injection quantity. In a first step, the air quantity in the combustion space is reduced by changes in the valve control times and, in a second step, a transition is made from the stratified-charge mode to the homogeneous mode, with a &lgr; value of less than 1 being set.

Abstract: Direct-injected, four-cycle internal combustion engines can be operated advantageously with charge stratification, with the fuel being injected into the combustion chamber during the compression stroke of the piston in the cylinder as a conical fuel stream. To ignite the stratified mixture cloud, an igniting spark jumps between the electrodes of a spark plug and thus contacts an ignitable mixture. In order to guarantee sufficient preparation and stable ignition and combustion of the fuel/air mixture in the long term, it is proposed that the electrodes be located outside a conical jacket of the fuel stream and that the combustion chamber roof be so designed that the conical jacket is formed during injection between the injector and the spark plug close to the wall of the combustion chamber roof. The mixture guided in the conical jacket is deflected outward in the direction of the electrodes as a result.