Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride comprising circulating a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cun+ with n being a number in the range from 1 to 2, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl in a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III, each comprising a reaction zone i, ii and iii respectively, wherein: ?(a) in the reaction zone i of the first bubble lift reactor I, a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cun+, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl— is contacted with oxygen at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405° C. so that the molar ratio Cun+:Cu+ in the liquid melt increases, obtaining a liquid melt having an increased molar ratio Cun+:Cu+ ?(b) the liquid melt obtained in (a) is circulated to the reaction zone ii in the second bubble lift reactor II, where the liquid melt is contacted with hydrogen chloride at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride comprising circulating a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cun+ with n being a number in the range from 1 to 2, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl in a reactor system comprising three bubble lift reactors I, II and III, each comprising a reaction zone i, ii and iii respectively, wherein: ?(a) in the reaction zone i of the first bubble lift reactor I, a liquid melt comprising copper ions Cun+, alkali cations and chloride ions Cl— is contacted with oxygen at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405° C. so that the molar ratio Cun+:Cu+ in the liquid melt increases, obtaining a liquid melt having an increased molar ratio Cun+:Cu+ ?(b) the liquid melt obtained in (a) is circulated to the reaction zone ii in the second bubble lift reactor II, where the liquid melt is contacted with hydrogen chloride at a temperature in the range from 395 to 405° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing carbon fibers from cellulosic fibers, characterized in that cellulosic fibers, which contain a sulfonic acid salt of formula (I), wherein R1 represents a hydrocarbon group and K+ represents a cation, are converted into carbon fibers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing C4-C15 lactams, in which a C1-C10-alkyl nitrite is reacted with a C4-C15-cycloalkane and is illuminated with a light-emitting diode during the reaction. This forms a C4-C15-cyclohexanone oxime which is then converted further to a C4-C15 lactam; the C1-C10 alcohol formed is recycled into the preparation of the C1-C10-alkyl nitrite.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a polybenzazole polymer (P) by reacting a reaction mixture (RG) comprising at least one aromatic dicarboxylic compound of the general formula (I), at least one aromatic diamino compound of the general formula (IIa), (IIb), (IIc) and/or (IId) and also at least one ionic liquid (IL). The present invention also relates to the polybenzazole polymer (P), which is obtainable by the method according to the invention, and also to the use of the polybenzazole polymer (P), for example as fiber material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing carbon fibers from cellulosic fibers, characterized in that cellulosic fibers, which contain a sulfonic acid salt of formula (I), wherein R1 represents a hydrocarbon group and K+ represents a cation, are converted into carbon fibers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing C4-C15 lactams, in which a C1-C10-alkyl nitrite is reacted with a C4-C15-cycloalkane and is illuminated with a light-emitting diode during the reaction. This forms a C4-C15-cyclohexanone oxime which is then converted further to a C4-C15 lactam; the C1-C10 alcohol formed is recycled into the preparation of the C1-C10-alkyl nitrite.

Abstract: A method of producing carbon fibers from cellulose fibers comprises bringing cellulose fibers having a water content of more than 20 parts by weight of water per 100 parts by weight of cellulose fiber into contact with a solution of additives and thereafter converting the additized cellulose fibers comprising not less than 1 part by weight of additives per 100 parts by weight of cellulose into carbon fibers.

Abstract: Use of a phosphorus compound of the formula (I) as flame retardant, where the definitions of the symbols in the formula (I) are as follows: A is one of the following groups: Y is —P(?X2)SR3R4, H, a straight-chain or branched C1-C12-alkyl group, C5-C6-cycloalkyl, C6-C12-aryl, or benzyl, where the four last-mentioned groups are unsubstituted or have substitution by one or more radicals from the group of C1-C4-alkyl or C1-C4-alkenyl; R1, R2, R3, and R4 are identical or different and are hydrogen, OH, C1-C16-alkyl, C1-C16-alkenyl, C1-C16-alkoxy, C1-C16-alkenoxy, C3-C10-cycloalkyl, C3-C10-cycloalkoxy, C6-C10-aryl, C6-C10-aryloxy, C6-C10-aryl-C1-C16-alkyl, C6-C10-aryl-C1-C16-alkoxy, SR9 COR10, COOR11, CONR12R13 or two radicals R1, R2, R3, or R4 form, together with the phosphorus atom to which they are bonded, or the P—O-A-O—P group, a ring system; R5, R6, R7, and R8 are identical or different and are H, C1-C16-alkyl, C1-C16-alkenyl, C1-C16-alkoxy, C1-C16-alkenoxy; R9, R10, R11, R12, R13 are identical or

Abstract: A flame retardant comprising a) at least one sulfur compound of the formula (I) A1-(Z1)m—(S)n—(Z2)p-A2??(I) where the definitions of the symbols and indices are as follows: A1 and A2 are identical or different, being C6-C12-aryl, cyclohexyl, Si(ORa)3, a saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, mono- or bicyclic ring having from 3 to 12 ring members and comprising one or more heteroatoms from the group of N, O, and S, where the system is unsubstituted or has substitution by one or more substituents of the group of O, OH, S, SH, COORb, CONRcRd, C1-C18-alkyl, C1-C18-alkoxy, C1-C18-thioalkyl, C6-C12-aryl, C6-C12-aryloxy, C2-C18-alkenyl, C2-C18-alkenoxy, C2-C18-alkynyl, and C2-C18-alkinoxy; Z1 and Z2 are identical or different, being —CO— or —CS—; Ra is C1-C18-alkyl; Rb, Rc, and Rd are identical or different, being H, C1-C18-alkyl, C6-C12-aryl, or an aromatic, mono- or bicyclic ring having from 3 to 12 ring members and comprising one or more heteroatoms from the group of N, O, and S; m and p are identic

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for dehydrating a carbohydrate-comprising composition.

Abstract: The present process purifies a salt Cat+X?, where Cat+ is any cation and X? is an organic anion having at least 6 carbon atoms. The salt is an impurity in a composition comprising a water-soluble salt (Cat+)nYn?, where Yn? is an inorganic anion or an organic anion, different from X?, with at most 10 carbon atoms. The process involves converting X? into an acid HX by adding an acid (H+)mZm?, forming two phases: an organic phase comprising HX and an aqueous phase comprising the water-soluble salts (Cat+)mZm? and (Cat+)nYn? or acids (H+)nYn?. The organic phase is separated and the aqueous phase passes over a basic anion exchanger which binds Zm? and Yn? and liberates OH?, giving an aqueous mixture comprising Cat+OH?. The organic phase and the aqueous mixture are converted into Cat+X? and H2O, optionally with addition of further HX.

Abstract: The use of at least one diphosphine of formula (I), wherein X is S or O; n is 0 or 1; R1, R2, R3, R4 are independently C1-C10-alkyl, C1-C10-hydroxyalkyl, C1-C10-alkoxy, C1-C10-hydroxyalkoxy, C3-C10-cycloalkyl, C3-C10-cycloalkoxy, C6-C10-aryl, C6-C10-aryloxy, C6-C10-aryl-C1-C4-alkyl, C6-C10-aryl-C1-C4-alkoxy, C6-C10-hydroxy-aryl, C6-C10-hydroxy-aryloxy, C1-C10-thioalkyl, C6-C10-thioaryl or C1-C4-thioalkyl-C6-C10-aryl, NR5R6, COR2, COOR5 or CONR5R6; R5, R6 are H, C1-C10-alkyl, C3-C10-cycloalkyl, C6-C10-aryl or C6-C10-aryl-C1-C4-alkyl; as a flame retardant in a polyurethane material is provided.

Abstract: Monosubstituted oxalic acid derivatives of the general formula (I) [A]+[O—C(O)—C(O)—O—X???(I) Wherein the meaning is for [A]+ a cation made from an organic moiety A having a formally positively charged heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur X is a C1 to C30 organic residue and wherein the following compounds (I) are disclaimed: Tetramethylammonium monomethyloxalate Methyltri(alkyl)ammonium monomethyloxalate Trimethyl(1-hydroxyethyl)ammonium monomethyloxalate Methyltriethylammonium monomethyloxalate Tetraethylammonium monomethyloxalate n-Propyltriethylammonium mono-n-propyloxalate n-Butyltriethylammonium mono-n-butyloxalate Benzyltriethylammonium monobenzyloxalate cyclohexyldimethylammonium monomethyloxalate Dimethyl-phenylammonium monomethyloxalate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polymer foam with density in the range from 5 to 120 kg/m3 composed of a polymer component including at least one styrene polymer and from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of a flame retardant mixture including at least one phosphorus compound of the formula PR1R2R3. A process for producing the polymer is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a water-absorbing material obtainable by a process comprising the steps of A) treating a particulate, non-surface-crosslinked, water-absorbing polymer with a mixture comprising an aqueous solvent and at least one salt of a transition metal and B) irradiating the polymer treated according to A) with UV radiation, to a process for its production and to articles comprising the water-absorbing material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to unsaturated diphosphine monoxides, to a process for preparation thereof and to the use thereof as flame retardants.

Abstract: The present invention is related to the use of specific cyclic and/or polymeric aryl-phosphines as flame retardants and to a method for reducing the flammability of organic material by incorporating into the material these specific cyclic and/or polymeric phosphines. Moreover, the invention is related to a polymeric composition containing a polymeric material and at least one of the specific cyclic and/or polymeric phosphines in an amount of from 1 to 15% by weight, based on the weight of the polymeric material. The invention also relates to a composition comprising at least one of the specific cyclic and/or polymeric phosphines and at least one polymerizable monomer.

Abstract: A process for preparing glucose from a cellulose material, in which a cellulose-comprising starting material is provided and treated with a liquid treatment medium comprising an ionic liquid whose anions are selected from among polyatomic anions and the cellulose-comprising material which has been treated with the ionic liquid is subjected to an enzymatic hydrolysis, is described.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an absorbent structure for use in a diaper for babies and infants, a feminine hygiene article and/or an incontinence article, said absorbent structure comprising a water-absorbing material, the water-absorbing material being obtainable by a process comprising the steps of A) treating a particulate, non-surface-crosslinked, water-absorbing polymer with a mixture comprising an aqueous solvent and at least one salt of a transition metal and B) irradiating the polymer treated according to A) with UV radiation, and to a process for its production.