Abstract: The invention relates to an object positioning system including an actuator system and a measurement system. The actuator system includes an actuator made of a material with predominantly electrostrictive properties and substantially no net polarization in absence of an electric field. The actuator system is configured to apply an electric field to the actuator, which electric field includes a bias electric field and an actuation electric field superimposed on the bias electric field, a field strength of the actuation electric field being equal to or smaller than a field strength of the bias electric field. The measurement system is configured to measure an electrical property of the actuator which is representative for a mechanical state of the actuator. The measurement system includes a bridge circuit including an actuator and a reference element having electrical properties matched to the electrical properties of the actuator.

Abstract: The invention relates to an object positioning system including: an actuator system and a measurement system. The actuator system comprises an actuator made of a material with predominantly electrostrictive properties and substantially no net polarization in absence of an electric field. The actuator system is configured to apply an electric field to the actuator, which electric field comprises a bias electric field and an actuation electric field superimposed on the bias electric field, a field strength of said actuation electric field being equal to or smaller than a field strength of the bias electric field. The measurement system is configured to measure an electrical property of the actuator which is representative for a mechanical state of the actuator. The measurement system comprises a bridge circuit including an actuator and a reference element having electrical properties matched to the electrical properties of the actuator.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of charging a battery, including determining at a first time interval a current to be applied until a second time interval such that the current charges the battery so that an anode Li-ion surface concentration at the second time interval is kept smaller than or equal to a maximum Li-ion surface concentration of the anode, applying the current to the battery, and determining at the second time interval another current to be applied until a third time interval such that the another current charges the battery so that an anode Li-ion surface concentration at the third time interval is kept smaller than or equal to the maximum Li-ion surface concentration of the anode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of charging a battery, including determining at a first time interval a current to be applied until a second time interval such that the current charges the battery so that an anode Li-ion surface concentration at the second time interval is kept smaller than or equal to a maximum Li-ion surface concentration of the anode, applying the current to the battery, and determining at the second time interval another current to be applied until a third time interval such that the another current charges the battery so that an anode Li-ion surface concentration at the third time interval is kept smaller than or equal to the maximum Li-ion surface concentration of the anode.