Abstract: An interferometer measures a displacement of an object to be measured by observing a fluctuation in intensity of interfering light generated by dividing light emitted from a light source into two light beams and overlaying the two light beams. The interferometer includes: a light-receiving unit including a light-receiving area including a plurality of partial areas and configured to detect the interfering light in each of the plurality of partial areas; and a processing unit configured to calculate a value of an index indicating uniformity of a phase distribution of the interfering light in the light-receiving area by using a detection result in each of the partial areas.

Abstract: An interferometer measures a displacement of an object to be measured by observing a fluctuation in intensity of interfering light generated by dividing light emitted from a light source into two light beams and overlaying the two light beams. The interferometer includes: a light-receiving unit including a light-receiving area including a plurality of partial areas and configured to detect the interfering light in each of the plurality of partial areas; and a processing unit configured to calculate a value of an index indicating uniformity of a phase distribution of the interfering light in the light-receiving area by using a detection result in each of the partial areas.

Abstract: An apparatus and method in which a data base used in a hypertext is created by dividing given data into nodes and spreading links between the nodes according to a predetermined rule, errors in the process of dividing the data into nodes can be found and corrected before creating links, and links are created with respect to the corrected nodes.

Abstract: In a fault diagnosis or a process simulation arrangement, data is held on first interactions between attributes of a part and between attributes of a parent part and a child part according to object parts in a parts data base. Data on an order for executing processes and data on a process model describing each process operation as second interactions between attributes of a medium and a part used in the process operation are held in a process model memory. In the fault diagnosis, fault statuses of attributes of parts and media used in each process are determined as candidates for causes of effecting statuses of attributes corresponding to the fault of the following process in reverse order of the execution order held in the process model memory using model based reasoning by referring to the first and second interaction relationships and statuses of attributes of the parts and the media determined in the following process. The attributes of the parts and the media may be expressed as a tree structure.

Abstract: A system and method for generating a sentence from an inputted semantic representation includes a memory for storing a limitation which a generated sentence should satisfy generator, a generating sentence from the inputted semantic representation based upon the stored limitation, an evaluator for evaluation the generated results, and an altering device for altering the stored limitation based upon the evaluation. A cycle composed of sentence generation, evaluation of the generated sentence and alteration of the limitation is repeated until the evaluation satisfies a predetermined criterion.

Abstract: A natural language arrangement includes stored grammatical rules each having a phrase structure part representing grammatical functions, a semantic part representing the manner of propagation from a superordinate category to a subordinate category, a condition part, and a message part that imposes limitations on a phrase structure rule using the subordinate category as a superordinate category. The grammatical rules are searched and interpreted to generate a phrase structure for a sentence from grammatical function information obtained by interpreting and applying the searched grammatical rules.

Abstract: There is disclosed a scanning type of image recording apparatus in which information recording is performed by scanning a photosensitive medium with a beam of light modulated by a modulation signal. Recording signals having one level are enlarged in signal width to obtain the modulation signal, thereby to avoid undesirable thinning of a recorded image. Thus, it is possible to achieve recording exactly corresponding to the recording signals.

Abstract: In order to effect recording on a recording medium by projecting a beam on the recording medium, the beam must be deflected at a predetermined velocity. To deflect the beam at a predetermined velocity, the present invention detects the deflected beams by a beam detector to form a velocity signal and compares the velocity signal with a reference signal to control the motor of the deflector by the comparison output.

Abstract: Semiconductor laser apparatus wherein a semiconductor laser device and a temperature sensor for sensing the temperature of the laser device are mounted on a heat sink or base and airtightly encapsulated. In one embodiment the heat sink or base is mounted on temperature control apparatus which in turn is electrically controlled in response to the output from the temperature sensor. In another embodiment, a laser beam intensity sensor whose output varies over a wide range depending upon an environmental temperature is also temperature controlled so that the semiconductor laser apparatus may be controlled with a higher degree of accuracy.

Abstract: In a semiconductor laser optical system which uses a light source a semiconductor laser having different diverging points and divergence angles in orthogonal directions and in which the light beam from the light source is imaged on a scanned surface, only a spherical surface optical system is provided between the semiconductor laser and the scanned surface. The spherical surface optical system includes two partial optical systems, i.e. a first image forming optical system and a second image forming optical system as viewed from the light source side. By selecting the optical constant of one of the two image forming optical systems to a predetermined value, the peak power of the image forming spot on the scanned surface is maximized.

Abstract: An image forming optical system for a semiconductor laser which forms an image of a semiconductor laser as a light source through an image forming lens, wherein the image forming lens is so disposed that it maintains the original divergent point of the semiconductor laser in the vertical direction and the image forming plane in a conjugative relationship, and that the image forming magnification .beta. in the vertical direction satisfies the following relationship of .beta.=.gamma..multidot.sin .theta..sub.O .multidot.Feff (1.2.ltoreq..gamma..ltoreq.3.0) based on an angle .theta..sub.O, at which the intensity of orientation characteristic in the vertical direction assumes 1/e.sup.2 at the center and an effective F-number Feff at the image side.

Abstract: An information formation apparatus for forming information on a beam-irradiated member by the use of a beam comprises beam generator-modulator for forming a beam modulated by information signals applied thereto, a deflector for deflecting the beam in accordance with a scan pass, an information formation member on which the beam deflected by the deflector is projected, the member having an information formation region on which information is formed by the beam, beam detector for detecting the intensity of the beam scanning the other portion of the information formation member than the information formation region and producing a detection signal corresponding to the beam intensity detected, and beam controller for controlling the intensity of the beam as it scans the information formation region of the information formation member.

Abstract: This specification discloses a recording apparatus which is capable of representing half-tones of an image. The apparatus is provided with a device for varying the spot size of a recording beam on a recording medium in accordance with the density information of the image to be recorded in order that the half-tones of the image may be represented by the use of a screen dot system. This device causes aberration to the optical system used therein, to thereby vary the size of the beam spot impinging on the recording medium and if required adjust the quantity of light of the beam to create spots of different diameters. Thus, without relatively increasing the power of the beam, it is possible to provide beam spots of various diameters to thereby enable representation of a half-toned image.