Abstract: An image-forming apparatus includes a toner-supplying roller and a developing roller that receives toner from the toner-supplying roller, the toner having either a glass transition point not higher than 67° C. or a softening point not higher than 120° C. The developing roller and toner-supplying roller are configured to meet a parameter F given by 1×105<F<7×105 and F=?×?×Asp×(Vsp+Vdv) where ? is an angle of slide (degrees) of the developing roller, ? is a nip (mm) formed in the tone-supplying roller in contact with the developing roller, Asp is a hardness (degrees) of a surface of the toner-supplying roller, the hardness being measured with an Asker Type F durometer, Vsp is a circumferential speed (mm/sec) of the toner-supplying roller, and Vdv is a circumferential speed (mm/sec) of the developing roller and is higher than 150 mm/sec.

Abstract: Polyclonal antibody specific for a phosphorylated linker region in Smad2 and/or Smad3.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing body and a developing section. An electrostatic latent image is formed on the image bearing body. The developing section includes a developing member and a toner supplying member. The developing member is in contact with the image bearing body and applies toner to the electrostatic latent image. The toner supplying member is in contact with the developing member and has a peripheral surface that moves relative to the developing member. The toner has substantially spherical particles and is supplied from above the developing section and has a saturated apparent density not more than 0.4217 g/ml. The amount of the toner deposited on the developing member is in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/cm2. The layer of the toner deposited on the developing member has a surface potential in the range of −50 to −250 V.

Abstract: A developing roller rotates in contact with a photoreceptor drum. The developing roller controls a development thorough the formation of a toner layer 50 .mu.m or less in thickness on an outer surface. The photoreceptor drum transfers a toner image formed on the outer surface by the controlled-development onto a medium. A fixation device heat-treats and fixes the toner image transferred onto the medium. A toner for the developing treatment comprises a resin having a Tg of 75.degree. C. or more as at least part of it.

Abstract: The developing unit of an electrostatic printer is designed to avoid under-development of the bottom part of a dark latent image due to a reduction in recycled toner. This can be accomplished by providing the developing unit with one developing roller and at least two supply rollers. Alternatively, the developing unit has just one supply roller, but the rate at which toner is transferred from the supply roller to the developing roller can be switched. As another alternative, the supply roller and developing roller are designed to turn slowly enough that development of an entire page is completely developed before reaching the point where under-development would begin.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic printer, a power supply is connected to a transfer roller to which a current is supplied at a time that a print paper is inserted between a photosensitive drum 10 and the transfer roller. Since respective print papers have different resistances from one another, a voltage according to the kind of the print paper is generated at the transfer roller at a time that a preset current is supplied to the transfer roller, and is held. A sensor is arranged for detecting the width of the print paper, and detects the width of the print paper inserted between the photosensitive drum and the transfer roller. The value of the preset current supplied to the transfer roller 14 is changed so as to adapt to the width of the print paper.