Abstract: In a process for producing a multilayer printed circuit board comprising drilling holes for via holes in a composite film material containing at least a copper foil and an insulating half-cured adhesive layer, laminating the resulting film material on an innerlayer circuit substrate, ad electrically connecting an innerlayer circuit with an outer layer copper foil, when an adhesive resin flowed into the holes is roughened, or when a composite film material having a copper foil of less than 12 .mu.m thick formed on a carrier is used, or a special cushion material is further laminated on the laminate of the innerlayer circuit substrate and the film material, electrical connection reliability is enhanced and circuit density can be increased with easy steps.

Abstract: A developing method using a compact machine such as a copying machine for personal use, etc., employs a two component-type magnetic developing agent with small diameter photosensitive drum and small diameter developing sleeve. In order to eliminate toner falling from the drum and/or sleeve to increase toner transfer efficiency and reduce fogging, the developing agent conveying sleeve is provided with a curvature (mm.sup.-1) of from 0.2 to 0.05. The toner is specifically designed for use in the method and includes magnetic fine particles having a saturation magnetization of not smaller than 70 emu/g and hydrophobic fine silica particles added to fixing resin particles containing a coloring agent.

Abstract: The developer in accordance with the present invention includes toner, and a carrier having a core material the surface of which is coated with a coating layer made of a polymer, the coating layer having a resistance value sufficient to minimize the counter electric charge remaining in the coating layer, and the toner having any of characteristic values required for preventing a counter electric charge remaining in the coating layer from being increased. The use of the developer of the present invention not only prevents the occurrence of so-called carrier scattering, to thereby prevent blanking, but also produces an image of high quality having a high initial image density.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic toner having rheology characteristics, under the conditions of measuring frequency of 1 Hz and measuring distortion of 1 degree, such that:(1) the drop starting temperature of storage elastic modulus is in the range from 100.degree. to 110.degree. C.;(2) the storage elastic modulus at 150.degree. C. is not greater than 1.times.10.sup.4 dyn/cm.sup.2 ; and(3) the peak temperature of loss elastic modulus is not less than 125.degree. C.The toner is excellent in low-temperature fixing properties, off-set resisting properties and heat resistance.

Abstract: A toner composition comprising a binder resin having dispersed therein additives including a colorant and a charge control agent, wherein said additives are present as agglomerates having an average sectional area of from 1.4 to 1.7 .mu.m.sup.2 in a section of toner particles, the total sectional area of the agglomerates in the section of toner particles ranging from 1.5 to 1.8%, or wherein said colorant and charge control agent are present as agglomerates having an average sectional area of from 1.4 to 1.7 .mu.m.sup.2 in a section of toner particles, and said composition has such rheological characteristics that a dissipation factor (tan .delta.) is from 0.95 to 1.25 when a storage elastic modulus (G') is 10.sup.4 dyne/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: The present invention provides a start developer wherein an output voltage of a sensor in the start developer having a particular toner density is not less than 0.9 times an output voltage of the sensor in a developer having the same toner density in a time period during which image characteristics are stabilized after repeating image formation by an image forming apparatus and is less than a threshold value at which the supply of toner is started and a method of controlling the toner density using the start developer. According to the present invention, good images can be always formed irrespective of the variation in characteristics between sensors in image forming apparatuses and from the early stage of image formation to the stable time period.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic toner, by using as the binder resin a styrene/acrylic resin in which in the gel permeation chromatogram, a high molecular weight peak value appears in a molecular weight region higher than 1.times.10.sup.5, a low molecular weight peak value appears in a molecular weight region of from 2.times.10.sup.4 to 500, a minimum value appears halfways between the two peaks and the ratio (V/P) of the area of the valley to the peak area is lower than 0.3, the internal cohesive force of the binder resin for the toner can be prominently improved while maintaining the low-temperature fixing property and offset resistance at high levels, and pulverization of the toner and formation of the spent toner can be prevented during the developing operation and the durability of the toner can be improved.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic developer comprising (i) a toner containing a fixing resin in which the content of an acrylic component is limited to a predetermined range, or a toner of which surface dye density is limited to a predetermined range, and (ii) a carrier coated with a coating resin containing, as an acrylic component, dodecyl methacrylate or 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate.In the electrophotographic developer of the present invention, the electric charging characteristics are always stable.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic developer comprising (i) a toner containing, as a fixing resin, a styrene-acrylic copolymer presenting a gel permeation chromatogram showing a molecular-weight distribution in which the detection-starting molecular weight and the detection-ending molecular weight are respectively located in specific ranges, and (ii) a carrier coated with a coating resin which is a styrene-acrylic copolymer containing at least 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate.Even though repeatedly agitated in the developing device, the electrophotographic developer of the present invention is not deteriorated and assures good durability and long life-time.

Abstract: A start developer is described which includes a toner and a carrier, present in a predetermined ratio. The carrier spent amount is adjusted so that it is not less than 0.010% in terms of the amount of carbon, as measured with a carbon analyzer. With this start developer, good quality images may be formed throughout the copying operation, from the initial image forming stage to the repeated image forming stage and through the stabilized image forming stage.

Abstract: The present invention provides a start developer wherein an output voltage of a sensor in the start developer having a particular toner density is not less than 0.9 times an output voltage of the sensor in a developer having the same toner density in a time period during which image characteristics are stabilized after repeating image formation by an image forming apparatus and is less than a threshold value at which the supply of toner is started and a method of controlling the toner density using the start developer. According to the present invention, good images can be always formed irrespective of the variation in characteristics between sensors in image forming apparatuses and from the early stage of image formation to the stable time period.

Abstract: Magnetic carrier for use in electrophotographic development takes the form of ferrite core particles each having a resinous coating. Ferrite core particles having a limited particle size distribution are coated with a resinous composition based on a copolymer consisting essentially of ethyl methacrylate, 15 to 25% by weight of styrene, up to 2% by weight of dodecyl methacrylate, and up to 2% by weight of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. The magnetic carrier particles have a resistance of 8.5.times.10.sup.7 to 2.2.times.10.sup.9 .OMEGA.. This carrier has a sharp distribution of electric charge and a quick rise of charging performance. The coating is tough enough to impart durability to the carrier.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for developing an electrostatic latent image, which comprises forming a magnetic brush of a two-component type developer comprising a toner and a magnetic carrier on a developing sleeve and bringing the magnetic brush into sliding contact with a photosensitive drum, wherein a spike-cutting plate is arranged along the developing sleeve to adjust the spike length of the magnetic brush, a detecting mechanism is arranged in a development apparatus to detect the concentration of the toner by measuring the permeability of the developer, the magnetic carrier used has a saturation magnetization not higher than 50 emu/g but not lower than 40 emu/g, and the ratio (do/dl) of the distance (do) between the spike-cutting plate and the developing sleeve to the distance (dl) between the photosensitive drum and the developing sleeve is set in the range of from 0.80 to 0.

Abstract: Disclosed is a toner for developing a statically charged image, which comprises a fixing resin and, dispersed therein, a colorant and a charge-controlling dye. This toner is characterized in that the tangent (tan .delta.) of the loss angle is in the range of from 0.95 to 1.25 when the storage modulus of elasticity (G') is 10.sup.4 dyne/cm.sup.2. The toner having such rheological characteristics has an excellent fixing property, a high offset resistance, a capacity of forming an image having a high quality and a good durability.

Abstract: Disclosed are a toner for developing a statically charged image and a process for the preparation thereof. If a toner for developing a statically charged image, comprising a binder resin and, dispersed therein, a colorant and a charge-controlling dye, is prepared so that it has a particle size distribution satisfying the requirement represented by the following formula:N<-172.7C+1.45 (1)wherein N represents the number (%) of particles having a particle size larger than 16 .mu.m, as measured by Coulter Counter, and C represents the surface dye concentration (g/g) of toner particles, a copy having a high image density with a drastically reduced visible fogging can be obtained.

Abstract: A toner composition is disclosed which comprises a mixture of toner particles with finely powdered acylic polymer, and finely powdered silica dispersed in the mixture, wherein the finely powdered acrylic polymer is present in an amount of 0.05 to 0.15 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the toner particles and the weight ratio of silica to acrylic polymer is within the range of 1 to 5:1. Also disclosed is a method for preparing the toner composition.

Abstract: A process for preparing a chemically platable thermosetting powder coating characterized by preliminarily kneading a composition comprising 3 to 50% by weight of a thermosetting resin, 5 to 60% by weight of an inorganic filler and up to 80% by weight of a rubber component comprising at least 10% by weight of a rubber having ethylenic double bonds and polar groups in the molecule, the amount of which rubber component constitutes the total amount of rubber component in the final powder coating, the rubber component content of the composition to be subjected to the preliminary kneading being at least twice the rubber component content of the final powder coating, said composition being heated at a temperature of at least the melting point of the thermosetting resin at least once during the course of the preliminary kneading, thereby to effect efficient dispersion of the components.