Abstract: An axial flow water turbine according to an embodiment includes a discharge ring and a runner vane. When seen in the runner meridional cross section, a straight line that passes a border between a cylindrical surface and a spherical surface of the discharge ring and that is perpendicular to a water turbine rotation axis is denoted as A. A crossing point between the straight line A and the water turbine rotation axis is denoted as B. A straight line inclined by an angle ? of 10 degrees or less is denoted as C. A cross point between the straight line C and the external peripheral end surface of the runner vane is denoted as D. In this case, the external peripheral end of the forward edge of the runner vane is located on the crossing point D.

Abstract: An axial flow water turbine according to an embodiment includes a discharge ring and a runner vane. When seen in the runner meridional cross section, a straight line that passes a border between a cylindrical surface and a spherical surface of the discharge ring and that is perpendicular to a water turbine rotation axis is denoted as A. A crossing point between the straight line A and the water turbine rotation axis is denoted as B. A straight line inclined by an angle ? of 10 degrees or less is denoted as C. A cross point between the straight line C and the external peripheral end surface of the runner vane is denoted as D. In this case, the external peripheral end of the forward edge of the runner vane is located on the crossing point D.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, an optical element includes a base and a large number of structures arranged on a surface of the base. In one example embodiment, the structures are depressions or projections with a conical form. In one example embodiment, the structures are arranged at a pitch shorter than or equal to a wavelength range of light in a use environment and lower portions of the structures adjacent to one another are connected to one another. In one example embodiment, an effective refractive index in a depth direction of the structures gradually increases toward the base and draws an S-shaped curved line.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a microfabricated member includes the steps of forming an inorganic resist layer on a stamper having a curved surface, exposing and developing the inorganic resist layer formed on the stamper, so as to form a pattern on the inorganic resist layer, and placing the stamper, which is provided with the pattern on the inorganic resist layer, on an electrode having a curved surface nearly identical or analogous to the curved surface of the stamper and etching the stamper to form an uneven shape on the stamper surface, so as to produce a microfabricated member.

Abstract: To an electroless nickel plating solution comprising a water-soluble nickel salt, a reducing agent, and a complexing agent is added a polythionate or dithionite. The invention also provides a high-build electroless gold plating method comprising the steps of immersing a workpiece in the electroless nickel plating bath, thereby chemically depositing a nickel coating on the workpiece, and immersing the nickel-plated workpiece in an electroless gold plating bath, thereby chemically depositing a gold coating on the workpiece.

Abstract: In a mobile communication device, a power amplifier amplifies the power of a signal to be transmitted. A transmitter filter limits the frequency band of the amplified signal to a predetermined frequency band for transmission. The signal limited in frequency band is transmitted via an antenna. Output power control circuitry controls the output power of the signal to be transmitted and has an output power sensor and an automatic power control circuit. The output power sensor succeeds the transmitter filter in the direction of flow of the signal to be transmitted, and senses the output power of the signal. The automatic power control circuit controls the gain of the power amplifier such that the output power sensed by the output power sensor coincides with a preselected reference value.