Abstract: An engine valve operating system of an electromagnetic type is arranged to locate a movable member between two electromagnets through a distance block and to connect the two electromagnets through side walls. By alternately energizing the electromagnets, the movable member is reciprocated against spring forces of two springs. An engine valve is interlocked with the movable member and operates according to the reciprocal movement of the movable member. The side wall and/or distance block is made of soft magnetic material and forms a magnetic circuit penetrating a side surface of the movable plate. This new magnetic circuit increases the attracting force of the electromagnet when a clearance between the movable member and the electromagnet is greater than a predetermined clearance. This arrangement decreases energy consumption for the initializing operation of the valve operating system from a neutral position between the electromagnets.

Abstract: A internal permanent magnet synchronous motor (1) according to this invention comprises a cylindrical stator (2) which has a tooth (5), and a rotor (14) which rotates on its inner side. This tooth (5) is provided with a coil (11), the width in the circumferential direction of the tip part (5B) of the tooth (5) being narrower than the width in the circumferential direction of the coil (11). Thereby, the harmonic component of the voltage or current is reduced.

Abstract: An engine valve operating system of an electromagnetic type is arranged to locate a movable member between two electromagnets through a distance block and to connect the two electromagnets through side walls. By alternately energizing the electromagnets, the movable member is reciprocated against spring forces of two springs. An engine valve is interlocked with the movable member and operates according to the reciprocal movement of the movable member. The side wall and/or distance block is made of soft magnetic material and forms a magnetic circuit penetrating a side surface of the movable plate. This new magnetic circuit increases the attracting force of the electromagnet when a clearance between the movable member and the electromagnet is greater than a predetermined clearance. This arrangement decreases energy consumption for the initializing operation of the valve operating system from a neutral position between the electromagnets.