Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator, comprising a stacked structure consisting of a top electrode 5, a piezoelectric film 4, and a bottom electrode 3, wherein the piezoelectric film comprises a first group 42 of piezoelectric ceramic particles and a second group 43 of piezoelectric ceramic particles. A distinctive feature is that the particles constituting the first group of piezoelectric ceramic particles are larger than the jingo particles constituting the second group of piezoelectric ceramic particles, and the first group of piezoelectric ceramic particles and the second group of piezoelectric ceramic particles have mutually different compositions. The piezoelectric actuator can thus be manufactured by an application method in a low-temperature environment, and a thicker piezoelectric film can be obtained. In addition, a highly practical piezoelectric film can be provided by combining the advantages of a plurality of material types.

Abstract: When a piezoelectric material is manufactured by hydrothermal method, the proper amount of lead contained in the piezoelectric film can be ensured and decreases in piezoelectric characteristics can be prevented. A method for manufacturing a piezoelectric material expressed by the formula ABO3, containing an element “a” as the element expressed by A above, and having a perovskite crystal structure, comprises a first step of producing an oxide containing an element “a′”, and a second step of producing a piezoelectric material by subjecting the oxide produced in the first step to a hydrothermal processing using an aqueous solution containing the element “a”, wherein the amount of the element “a” contained in the piezoelectric material produced in the second step is increased over the amount of the element “a” contained in the oxide produced in the first step.

Abstract: When a piezoelectric material is manufactured by hydrothermal method, the proper amount of lead contained in the piezoelectric film can be ensured and decreases in piezoelectric characteristics can be prevented. A method for manufacturing a piezoelectric material expressed by the formula ABO3, containing an element “a” as the element expressed by A above, and having a perovskite crystal structure, comprises a first step of producing an oxide containing an element “a′”, and a second step of producing a piezoelectric material by subjecting the oxide produced in the first step to a hydrothermal processing using an aqueous solution containing the element “a”, wherein the amount of the element “a”, contained in the piezoelectric material produced in the second step is increased over the amount of the element “a” contained in the oxide produced in the first step.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator, made of a substrate and a piezoelectric film layer resistant to erosion is provided. The area of the piezoelectric actuator can be enlarged, and has a flat top surface. The present invention further provides an ink jet printing head, a printer, a method for manufacturing a piezoelectric actuator, and a method for manufacturing an ink jet printing head. The piezoelectric actuator includes a piezoelectric film disposed between a lower electrode and an upper electrode. Columnar crystal grains of piezoelectric ceramic which compose the piezoelectric actuator are random-oriented in a film thickness direction, and have a mean diameter in the range of 100 nm to 15,000 nm. The method for manufacturing the actuator includes the step of forming precursor films, which are composed of metal and oxygen, over a lower electrode, providing a hydrothermal treatment by dipping the precursor films in an alkaline solution, which as 2 M[mol/l] or less, more preferably 0.

Abstract: Provided is a luminous element which utilizes a tribo-luminescence phenomenon.

Abstract: Provided is a luminous element which utilizes a tribo-luminescence phenomenon. The luminous element comprises: a pressure luminous layer (14) which emits light upon the application of pressure; and a piezoelectric element which comprises a piezoelectric film (12) held between electrode films (11) and (13), and which is located so as to be capable of applying pressure on the pressure luminous layer.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device for an ink jet print head that has a greater displacement at a low drive voltage. The ink-jet recording head includes a vibration plate, on which is mounted one or more piezoelectric devices that change the volumes of pressure chambers upon application of a voltage. The device is mounted at least on one face of a pressure chamber substrate that is to be filled with ink. Such piezoelectric device includes a second piezoelectric layer having a piezoelectric constant g of a constant value or higher; and a first piezoelectric layer having a dielectric constant of a specific value or higher. Since the piezoelectric constant d of the piezoelectric device correlates with the product of the largest piezoelectric constant g and the largest dielectric device of the piezoelectric devices, a piezoelectric constant d larger than in the conventional case, i.e., having a greater displacement, can be obtained.

Abstract: An ink jet recording head is provided with a piezoelectric vibrator. The piezoelectric vibrator includes a diaphragm and a piezoelectric active part. The diaphragm includes a pressure generating chamber communicating with a nozzle aperture, at least the upper surface of which acts as a lower electrode. The piezoelectric active part includes a piezoelectric film formed on the surface of the diaphragm and an upper electrode formed on the surface of the piezoelectric film, formed in an area opposite to the pressure generating chamber. A cap member is bonded on one side of the piezoelectric film for sealing a space with a holder to the extent that the motion is secured. The piezoelectric active part is cut off from the outside of the head by sealing dry fluid in the space of the cap member.

Abstract: An ion implantation device which is characterized in that source gas is supplied to an ion source from a gas cylinder provided in an external portion of the ion implantation device to maintain the cleanness of the clean room by reducing the frequency of exchanging gas cylinder for new one.

Abstract: A display device including a pair of opposed substrates at least one of which is transparent with a display medium layer therebetween, and a transparent electrode arranged on the internal surface of the transparent substrate is provided. The thickness of the transparent electrode is about ((5500.times.N)/(2.times.n)).ANG. wherein N is a natural number and n represents the refractive index thereof. When a transparent insulating film is formed on the transparent electrode, the thickness of the transparent insulating film is about ((5500.times.N)/(2.times.m)).ANG. wherein N is a natural number and m represents the refractive index thereof. When the refractive index of n.sub.1 of the transparent insulating film is substantially equal to the refractive index n.sub.2 of the transparent electrode, the value, 2.times.(n.sub.1 .times.d.sub.1 +n.sub.2 .times.d.sub.2) equals about (5500.times.N).ANG. wherein N is a natural number, d.sub.1 represents the thickness of the transparent insulating film and d.sub.

Abstract: A display device including a pair of opposed substrates at least one of which is transparent with a display medium layer therebetween, and a transparent electrode arranged on the internal surface of the transparent substrate is provided. The thickness of the transparent electrode is about (5500/(2.times.n)).ANG. wherein n represents the refractive index thereof. When a transparent insulating film is formed on the transparent electrode, the thickness of the transparent insulating film is about (5500/(2.times.m).ANG. wherein m represents the refractive index thereof. When the refractive index of n.sub.1 of the transparent insulating film is substantially equal to the refractive index n.sub.2 of the transparent electrode, the value, 2.times.(n.sub.1 .times.d.sub.1 +n.sub.2 .times.d.sub.2) equals about 5500.ANG. wherein d.sub.1 represents the thickness of the transparent insulating film and d.sub.2 the thickness of the transparent electrode.

Abstract: An optical panel having superior environment resisting properties is provided. An increase in electrical resistance is prevented by heat treating the electrode in a vacuum at a temperature between about 200.degree. and 600.degree. C. Electrolytic corrosion resistance of the panel is provided by coating at least the non-conductive portions of the terminal portions of the panel with a water-repellant material.

Abstract: An overcurrent relay comprises an input transformer (7), a rectifying circuit (8), a level detecting circuit (9) for providing an operation signal (S.sub.1) when a direct current signal voltage (E) exceeds a predetermined value, a determining means (10 to 15) for determining a time period of at least the positive and negative components of an ac signal voltage (V.sub.1) for providing a determination signal (S.sub.6) when the determined time period exceeds a predetermined time period, and a blocking means (16 and 17) responsive to the determination signal (S.sub.6) for blocking the operation signal (S.sub.1) from being output. In the case where the alternating current input current (I) and the ac signal voltage (V.sub.1) involve an attenuated direct current component due to magnetic saturation of a current transformer and the like, the reset time period of the operation signal (S.sub.1) is prolonged, while that time period of the ac signal voltage (V.sub.