Abstract: An image-forming apparatus of the present invention includes: a vacuum container constituted by disposing in opposition to each other a rear plate with an electron source formed thereon, and a face plate having an image display region provided with at least phosphors for being irradiated with electrons emitted from the electron source to form an image and anodes disposed on the phosphors; anode potential supplying means for supplying an electric potential higher than that of the electron source to the anode; at least one electroconductive member provided at a site outside of the image display region on an inner surface of the face plate; potential supplying means for supplying to the electroconductive member an electric potential at a level between a lowest electric potential of those which are applied to the electron source and an electric potential applied to the anode; first and second resistant members electrically connected between the anode and the electroconductive members, having resistances higher th

Abstract: An a-Si photosensitive member and an image forming apparatus are provided which prevent fusion bonding in digital copying machines and attain satisfactory image formation. Specifically, in order that even when uneven abrasion occurs on a drum surface layer, it may not substantially affect the image, a photosensitive member formed by successively stacking on a conductive substrate a photoconductive layer comprising amorphous Si and a surface protective layer comprised of an amorphous material is provided such that the spectral reflectance (%) satisfies the relation of 0≦(Max−Min)/(Max+Min)≦0.20, and a center line average roughness Ra1 of the interface on the surface side of the photoconductive layer and the center line average roughness Ra2 of the outermost surface of the surface layer, within the range of 10 &mgr;m×10 &mgr;m, satisfy the relations of Ra1/Ra2≧1.3 and 22 nm≦Ra1≦100 nm.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus of the present invention includes: a vacuum container constituted by disposing in opposition to each other a rear plate with an electron source formed thereon, and a face plate having an image display region provided with at least phosphors for being irradiated with electrons emitted from the electron source to form an image and anodes disposed on the phosphors; anode potential supplying means for supplying an electric potential higher than that of the electron source to the anode; at least one electroconductive member provided at a site outside of the image display region on an inner surface of the face plate; potential supplying means for supplying to the electroconductive member an electric potential at a level between a lowest electric potential of those which are applied to the electron source and an electric potential applied to the anode; first and second resistant members electrically connected between the anode and the electroconductive members, having resistances higher th

Abstract: There is herein disclosed a manufacturing method of a spacer for an electron-beam apparatus which comprises an airtight container, and an electron source. The spacer is arranged in the airtight container. The method comprises the step of heating and drawing a base material of the spacer to form a desired rough state on the surface of the base material, the step of heating and drawing the base material of the spacer to form the desired rough state and an electroconductive film on the surface of the base material, or the step of heating and drawing the base material of the spacer having the rough state on its surface. According to the present invention, the spacer having a surface structure on which can suppress charging can be manufactured at a low cost, and an electron-beam apparatus such as an image-forming apparatus having a sufficient display luminance can also be manufactured.

Abstract: In a manufacturing method of a spacer for an electron-beam apparatus which includes an airtight container and an electron source, the spacer is arranged in the airtight container. The method includes the step of heating and drawing a base material of the spacer to form a desired rough state on the surface of the base material, the step of heating and drawing the base material of the spacer to form the desired rough state and an electroconductive film on the surface of the base material, or the step of heating and drawing the base material of the spacer having the rough state on its surface. According to the present invention, the spacer having a surface structure which can suppress charging can be manufactured at a low cost, and an electron-beam apparatus such as an image-forming apparatus having a sufficient display luminance can also be manufactured.

Abstract: There is herein disclosed a manufacturing method of a spacer for an electron-beam apparatus which comprises an airtight container, and an electron source. The spacer is arranged in the airtight container. The method comprises the step of heating and drawing a base material of the spacer to form a desired rough state on the surface of the base material, the step of heating and drawing the base material of the spacer to form the desired rough state and an electroconductive film on the surface of the base material, or the step of heating and drawing the base material of the spacer having the rough state on its surface. According to the present invention, the spacer having a surface structure on which can suppress charging can be manufactured at a low cost, and an electron-beam apparatus such as an image-forming apparatus having a sufficient display luminance can also be manufactured.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus of the present invention includes: a vacuum container constituted by disposing in opposition to each other a rear plate with an electron source formed thereon, and a face plate having an image display region provided with at least phosphors for being irradiated with electrons emitted from the electron source to form an image and anodes disposed on the phosphors; anode potential supplying means for supplying an electric potential higher than that of the electron source to the anode; at least one electroconductive member provided at a site outside of the image display region on an inner surface of the face plate; potential supplying means for supplying to the electroconductive member an electric potential at a level between a lowest electric potential of those which are applied to the electron source and an electric potential applied to the anode; first and second resistant members electrically connected between the anode and the electroconductive members, having resistances higher th

Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic method, in which influence on an image quality attributable to the conditions of the photoreceptor surface is reduced and much sharper and high image quality having high resolution is obtained, when a spot size of the exposure light is made finer as progress is made in high resolution. In a digital exposure system electrophotographic method of a BAE system which performs scan-exposing for an image formation on a photoreceptor, a photoreceptor comprising a supporting member 401 comprising aluminum or an aluminum alloy and a photosensitive layer 402 deposited on the supporting member surface by applying surface treatment using water on its surface, on which a convex structure is formed corresponding to a boundary portion of a crystal grain boundary of the supporting member surface is used.

Abstract: To provide an amorphous Si photosensitive member and an image forming apparatus which form favorable images by preventing toner adhesion at a cleaning time. A photoconductive layer 102 containing amorphous Si is formed on an electrically conductive substrate 101 so that a surface of a photosensitive member has an average inclination &Dgr;a within a range of 0.12 to 1.0, more preferably 0.15 to 0.8 within a range of 10 &mgr;m×10 &mgr;m, and an electrically conductive substrate has surface roughness Ra within the range of 10 &mgr;m×10 &mgr;m is lower than 9 nm, preferably lower than 6 nm.

Abstract: A support member (20) for maintaining the distance between a face plate (30) and a rear plate (31) is interposed between the face plate (30) and the rear plate (31). An insulating film is formed on the support member (20) or its surface. An intermediate layer (21) is formed at a portion near the rear plate (31). The intermediate layer (21) is set at a low resistance and the same potential as that of the rear plate (31). As a result, an electron beam emitted from an electron-emitting portion near the support member (20) follows an orbit which is directed temporarily away from the support member and then comes close to the support member near the face plate (30) due to the steady charge-up of the support member. Then, the electron beam is irradiated on a defined position on the face plate (30).

Abstract: An a-Si photosensitive member and an image forming apparatus are provided which prevent fusion bonding in digital copying machines and attain satisfactory image formation. Specifically, in order that even when uneven abrasion occurs on a drum surface layer, it may not substantially affect the image, a photosensitive member formed by successively stacking on a conductive substrate a photoconductive layer comprising amorphous Si and a surface protective layer comprised of an amorphous material is provided such that the spectral reflectance (%) satisfies the relation of 0≦(Max−Min)/(Max+Min)≦0.20, and a center line average roughness Ra1 of the interface on the surface side of the photoconductive layer and the center line average roughness Ra2 of the outermost surface of the surface layer, within the range of 10 &mgr;m×10 &mgr;m, satisfy the relations of Ra1/Ra2≧1.3 and 22 nm≦Ra1≦100 nm.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image process is provided. In this process, a latent image is formed on a photosensitive drum 1, and a toner image is formed on the latent image. The toner image is temporarily transferred onto an intermediate image-transfer member 20. The photosensitive drum 1 and the intermediate image-transfer medium are brought into contact at an intended contact pressure, and are rotated at an intended relative speed. At the contact portion, fine vibration of the photosensitive drum 1 and the intermediate image-transfer medium 20 which can be caused by repeated contact and separation is prevented by controlling the contact temperature between the photosensitive member and the intermediate image-transfer member to be in the range from 15 to 60° C., and a kinetic frictional deviation (a standard deviation of kinetic frictional force) is controlled to be less than the average value of the kinetic frictional force. By suppressing the fine vibration, deviation in image transfer is prevented.

Abstract: A support member (20) for maintaining the distance between a face plate (30) and a rear plate (31) is interposed between the face plate (30) and the rear plate (31). An insulating film is formed on the support member (20) or its surface. An intermediate layer (21) is formed at a portion near the rear plate (31). The intermediate layer (21) is set at a low resistance and the same potential as that of the rear plate (31). As a result, an electron beam from an electron-emitting portion near the support member (20) follows an orbit which is temporarily away from the support member and then comes close to the support member near the face plate (30) due to the steady charge-up of the support member. Then, the electron beam is irradiated on a defined position on the face plate (30).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic apparatus in which maximum potential difference &Dgr;VD (volt) in a potential of a dark portion of the electrostatic image in the longitudinal direction, maximum potential difference &Dgr;VL in a potential of a light portion of the electrostatic image in the longitudinal direction, a value a (1/volt) represented by (variation amount in density, in the longitudinal direction, in the image formed by developing the light portion with the developing means)/(the maximum potential difference &Dgr;VD) and a value b (1/volt) represented by (variation amount in density, in the longitudinal direction, in the image formed by developing the light portion with the developing means)/(the maximum potential difference &Dgr;VL) satisfy a relation: 0.3≦a×&Dgr;VD+b×&Dgr;VL≦0.3 in which 100≧|&Dgr;VD|≧20 and 100≧|&Dgr;VL|≧20.

Abstract: In the electrophotographic method of the present invention employing a photosensitive member and forming an electrostatic latent image by a charging step and a light beam irradiating step, in order to improve the dot reproducibility in the output image to thereby obtain an image with excellent gradation property, the amount of potential attenuation in the depth direction at light beam irradiation for one pixel of the photosensitive member is set so as to be not less than 65% but less than 135% of the amount of potential attenuation in the depth direction at the continuous light beam irradiation.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus which largely improves the reliability of electrophotographic apparatuses and can accommodate their extremely large productivity comprises an image forming part which forms toner images on an image carrying member, an image transfer part which transfers the toner images on the image carrying member onto a transfer material, and a cleaning part which removes post-transfer residual toner left on the image carrying member after the images are transferred onto the transfer material by the image transfer part, wherein the image carrying member is an amorphous silicon photosensitive member and an initial average gradient &Dgr;a of the photosensitive member is 0.0001 to 0.005.

Abstract: An electron apparatus includes a rear substrate having an electron-emitting device, a front substrate irradiated with electrons, and a support member for maintaining the interval between these substrates. The distribution of the electric field is controlled, and a force acting in the direction away from the support member is applied to emitted electrons to prevent the electrons from striking the support member. At this time, the electrons are accelerated toward the front substrate. Since the degree of deflection by a deflection force on the rear substrate side is larger than the degree of deflection by a deflection force on the front substrate side, the deflection force on the rear substrate side is relatively weakened.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic apparatus in which maximum potential difference &Dgr;VD (volt) in a potential of a dark portion of the electrostatic image in the longitudinal direction, maximum potential difference &Dgr;VL in a potential of a light portion of the electrostatic image in the longitudinal direction, a value a (1/volt) represented by (variation amount in density, in the longitudinal direction, in the image formed by developing the light portion with the developing means)/(the maximum potential difference &Dgr;VD) and a value b (1/volt) represented by (variation amount in density, in the longitudinal direction, in the image formed by developing the light portion with the developing means)/(the maximum potential difference &Dgr;VL) satisfy a relation: 0.3≦a×&Dgr;VD+b×&Dgr;VL≦0.3 in which 100≧|&Dgr;VD|≧20 and 100≧|&Dgr;VL|≧20.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a support member (50) for maintaining the distance between a face plate (30) and a rear plate (31) is interposed between the face plate (30) and the rear plate (31). An intermediate layer (52) is formed at apportion near the face plate (30). The intermediate layer (52) is a low-resistance film, and is set to have almost the same potential as that of the face plate (30). As a result, an electron beam from an electron-emitting portion near the support member (50) follows an orbit which steadily comes close to the support member near the face plate. By setting the interval between electron-emitting devices adjacent to each other via the support member to be larger than the interval between devices adjacent to each other without the mediacy of the support member, the electron beam is irradiated on a proper position on the face plate (30).

Abstract: In order to prevent uneven shaving of a light receiving member and fusion of a developer, a surface of the light receiving member after development and transfer of the developer is scrape-cleaned with an elastic rubber blade, the wear loss of the light receiving member after copying steps on transfer sheets is within a range of not less than 1 .ANG./10,000 rotations nor more than 10 .ANG./10,000 rotations.