Abstract: Provided is a chemical compound represented by the general formula (A), in which each of substituents Q1 to Q6 is bonded to a nitrogen atom of melamine backbone. In the general formula (A), at least one of Q1 to Q6 is X, and at least one of Q1 to Q6 is Y. R1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. R2 is a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms, and an aralkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms. Each of R51 and R52 is a divalent organic group, and a is an integer of 1 to 3.

Abstract: Provided is a chemical compound represented by the general formula (A), in which each of substituents Q1 to Q6 is bonded to a nitrogen atom of melamine backbone. In the general formula (A), at least one of Q1 to Q6 is X, and at least one of Q1 to Q6 is Y. R1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms. R2 is a hydrogen atom, or a monovalent hydrocarbon group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms, and an aralkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms. Each of R51 and R52 is a divalent organic group, and a is an integer of 1 to 3.

Abstract: Provided are a coating film-forming composition for forming a coating film on a metal surface that exhibits excellent adhesiveness between a metal and a resin, and a surface-treated metal member having a coating film formed by using the composition. The coating film-forming composition is a solution containing a silane coupling agent having an amino group, a metallic ion and a halide ion. The metallic ion is preferably a copper ion, and a copper ion concentration in the solution is preferably 0.1 to 60 mM. The amount of Si based on the amount of Cu in the solution is preferably 30 or less, in terms of molar ratio. The pH of the solution is preferably 2.8 to 6.2.

Abstract: Provided are a coating film-forming composition for forming a coating film on a metal surface that exhibits excellent adhesiveness between a metal and a resin, and a surface-treated metal member having a coating film formed by using the composition. The coating film-forming composition is a solution containing a silane coupling agent having an amino group, a metallic ion and a halide ion. The metallic ion is preferably a copper ion, and a copper ion concentration in the solution is preferably 0.1 to 60 mM. The amount of Si based on the amount of Cu in the solution is preferably 30 or less, in terms of molar ratio. The pH of the solution is preferably 2.8 to 6.2.

Abstract: A failure diagnosis system is configured to calculate an estimated irradiation on a first photovoltaic string and an estimated operating temperature of the first photovoltaic string based on a short-circuit current and an open-circuit voltage on a current-voltage characteristic of the first photovoltaic string, and the array output voltage value and the array output current value measured by an array measurement apparatus. The failure diagnosis system is configured to calculate an estimated current value of the first photovoltaic string based on the estimated irradiation, the estimated operating temperature, and the current-voltage characteristic. The failure diagnosis system is configured to diagnose degradation of the first photovoltaic string by comparing the measured current value of the first photovoltaic string and the estimated current value.

Abstract: A power generating system comprising: a plurality of power generating units coupled in parallel; a power collecting device for collecting electric power output from the plurality of power generating units; and wirings for coupling the plurality of power generating units and the power collecting device. A ratio of a conductor diameter to a predetermined length of each of the wirings is defined as a reference ratio. A value obtained by multiplying the reference ratio, a number of the wirings, and a loss generated by a specific wiring together is subtracted from a value obtained by multiplying a predetermined number of wirings for adjustment by a ratio of a conductor diameter to a length of the specific wiring. A total of the ratios of the conductor diameters to the lengths of the predetermined number of the wirings for adjustment is determined as a value less than the subtracted value.

Abstract: A low-cost failure diagnosis method, without addition of a measuring unit and a communication unit, provided for a solar battery system, of calculating a working temperature and the number of failed solar battery modules in a solar battery array, by calculating a solar radiation amount while updating a predetermined coefficient as a ratio between a short-circuit current and a working current in accordance with state of the solar battery array and using measured data having the working current and working voltage measured with a detection unit.

Abstract: A power generating system comprising: a plurality of power generating units coupled in parallel; a power collecting device for collecting electric power output from the plurality of power generating units; and wirings for coupling the plurality of power generating units and the power collecting device. A ratio of a conductor diameter to a predetermined length of each of the wirings is defined as a reference ratio. A value obtained by multiplying the reference ratio, a number of the wirings, and a loss generated by a specific wiring together is subtracted from a value obtained by multiplying a predetermined number of wirings for adjustment by a ratio of a conductor diameter to a length of the specific wiring. A total of the ratios of the conductor diameters to the lengths of the predetermined number of the wirings for adjustment is determined as a value less than the subtracted value.

Abstract: A failure diagnosis system is configured to calculate an estimated irradiation on a first photovoltaic string and an estimated operating temperature of the first photovoltaic string based on a short-circuit current and an open-circuit voltage on a current-voltage characteristic of the first photovoltaic string, and the array output voltage value and the array output current value measured by an array measurement apparatus. The failure diagnosis system is configured to calculate an estimated current value of the first photovoltaic string based on the estimated irradiation, the estimated operating temperature, and the current-voltage characteristic. The failure diagnosis system is configured to diagnose degradation of the first photovoltaic string by comparing the measured current value of the first photovoltaic string and the estimated current value.

Abstract: A low-cost failure diagnosis method, without addition of a measuring unit and a communication unit, provided for a solar battery system, of calculating a working temperature and the number of failed solar battery modules in a solar battery array, by calculating a solar radiation amount while updating a predetermined coefficient as a ratio between a short-circuit current and a working current in accordance with state of the solar battery array and using measured data having the working current and working voltage measured with a detection unit.