Abstract: The present disclosure describes multivalent antibacterial vaccines for the treatment of bacterial infections, such as Klebsiella, E. coli and E. cloacae, as well as therapy-resistant forms thereof.

Abstract: A new cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay has been discovered using two cell lines that stably express either green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (DsRed), which are distinguishable by FACS, fluorescence microplate reader, or fluorescence microscopy. Using one cell line as a target (T) to present antigen and the other, at the same number, as an internal control (reference, R), a new CTL assay (named fluorolysometric (FL)-CTL assay) way developed based on cytolysis of these fluorescent protein-expressing targets detectable by FACS. This FL-CTL assay was further extended for use with a fluorescent microplate reader. This FL-CTL assay was reproducibly used to determine primary CTL activity at high sensitivity when compared to other conventional assays with in vivo activated T cells against different antigens. This new reliable, sensitive, convenient, and economical CTL assay has broad application potentials for experimental and clinical use in different antigen and effector-target systems.