Abstract: A method for evaluating a data set with regard to suitability for determining a calculation function of a virtual sensor includes providing the data set. The data set includes measurement data resulting from a measurement of measured variables by at least two real sensors. The measurement data has a particular dimension for one of the at least two real-world sensors. The method further includes providing an input range defined for the measured variables of the at least two real sensors to specify at least one requirement for determining the calculation function. The method further includes determining a coverage ratio between the data set and the provided input range using a machine learning model, and evaluating the data set based on the determined coverage ratio.

Abstract: A method for plausibilizing the output of an artificial neural network (ANN) used as classifier. The method includes the following steps: a plurality of images, for which the ANN has determined an assignment to one or more classes of a predetermined classification, as well as the assignment determined in each case by the ANN are provided; for each combination of one image and one assignment, a location-resolved relevance evaluation of the image is determined utilizing a relevance evaluation function, this relevance evaluation indicating which parts of the image have contributed, to what extent, to the assignment; a further classifier is trained to determine from one image and one relevance evaluation ascertained for the image, a reconstruction of the assignment to which this relevance evaluation relates; based on the agreement between the reconstructions and the actual assignments, a figure of merit is determined for the relevance evaluation function.

Abstract: A method determines a distance metric for determining a distance to a data point having heterogeneous classes of variables. The method includes providing training records each assigning a label to a data point, the training records partitioned into training data points of a training amount and validation data points of a validation amount, and training a data-based system model with the training amount, such that the data-based system model associates data points with a model output, respectively. The method further includes for each validation data point of the validation amount, determining a quality level of the data-based system model and a distance value to a nearest training data point for each of the heterogeneous classes of variables. The distance value to the nearest training data point is determined separately with respect to a respective class of variables.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for training a machine learning system configured for determining an albedo and a shading of an object. The method includes: obtaining a plurality of measurements, each characterizing a measurement of spatial location of a point located on an object and a measurement of a color of the object at the point; determining, by the machine learning system, a direction of light shining on the object using the plurality of measurements; determining surface normal vectors at the measurements of spatial locations; determining, by the machine learning system, a shading of the object based on the determined surface normal vectors and direction of the light; determining, by the machine learning system, an albedo using the plurality of measurements; determining a reconstruction of the colors of the plurality of measurements based on the determined shading and albedo; training the machine learning system based on a first loss function.

Abstract: A system and computer-implemented method for training a machine learnable model to estimate a relative scale of objects in an image. A feature extractor and a scale estimator comprising a machine learnable model part are provided. The feature extractor may be pretrained, while the scale estimator may be trained by the system and method to transform feature maps generated by the feature extractor into relative scale estimates of objects. For that purpose, the scale estimator may be trained on training data in a specific yet non-supervised manner which may not require scale labels. During inference, the scale estimator may be applied to several image patches of an image. The resulting patch-level scale estimates may be combined into a scene geometry map which may be indicative of a geometry of a scene depicted in the image.

Abstract: A method for operating an injection valve by determining an opening or closing time of the injection valve based on a sensor signal. The method includes: providing an evaluation point time series by sampling a sensor signal of a sensor of the injection valve; using a non-linear data-based first sub-model to obtain a first output vector based on the evaluation point time series, wherein each element of the first output vector is associated with a specific time; using a linear, data-based second sub-model to obtain a second output vector based on the evaluation point time series, wherein each element of the second output vector is associated with a specific time; limiting the time determined by the first output vector depending on the second output vector in order to obtain the opening or closing time.

Abstract: A method for training a data-based evaluation model to determine an opening or closing time of an injection valve based on a sensor signal. The method includes: measuring an operation of the injection valve in order to determine at least one sensor signal and an associated opening or closing time; sampling the sensor signal at a sampling rate in order to obtain a sensor signal time series with sensor signal values; determining a plurality of training data sets by assigning a plurality of evaluation point time series generated from a sensor signal time series to the opening or closing time associated with the sensor signal, wherein the evaluation point time series has a lower temporal resolution than the sensor signal time series; training the data-based evaluation model depending on the determined training data sets.

Abstract: A method for parameterizing a machine learning system, in particular a neural network, that is configured to ascertain in each case an associated class of a plurality of classes from input data. The machine learning system is trained once with correctly labeled training data, and once with not correctly labeled training data. Hyperparameters of the machine learning system are selected in such a way that the particular trained machine learning system may reproduce actual classifications of the correctly labeled training data better than actual classifications of the not correctly labeled training data.

Abstract: A method for recognizing at least one object in at least one input image. In the method, a template image of the object is processed by a first convolutional neural network (CNN) to form at least one template feature map; the input image is processed by a second CNN to form at least one input feature map; the at least one template feature map is compared to the at least one input feature map; it is evaluated from the result of the comparison whether and possibly at which position the object is contained in the input image, the convolutional neural networks each containing multiple convolutional layers, and at least one of the convolutional layers being at least partially formed from at least two filters, which are convertible into one another by a scaling operation.

Abstract: A method for operating an injection valve by ascertaining an opening time and/or closing time of the injection valve on the basis of a sensor signal. The method includes: providing an analysis point time series by sampling a sensor signal of a sensor of the injection valve; using a nonlinear, data-based first submodel in order to obtain a first model output on the basis of the analysis point time series; using a linear, data-based second submodel in order to obtain a second model output on the basis of the analysis point time series; ascertaining the opening time and/or closing time as a function of the first and second model outputs.

Abstract: A method for operating an injection valve by determining an opening or closing time of the injection valve based on a sensor signal. The method includes: providing an evaluation point time series by sampling a sensor signal of a sensor of the injection valve; using a non-linear data-based first sub-model to obtain a first output vector based on the evaluation point time series, wherein each element of the first output vector is associated with a specific time; using a linear, data-based second sub-model to obtain a second output vector based on the evaluation point time series, wherein each element of the second output vector is associated with a specific time; limiting the time determined by the first output vector depending on the second output vector in order to obtain the opening or closing time.

Abstract: A method for training a data-based evaluation model to determine an opening or closing time of an injection valve based on a sensor signal. The method includes: measuring an operation of the injection valve in order to determine at least one sensor signal and an associated opening or closing time; sampling the sensor signal at a sampling rate in order to obtain a sensor signal time series with sensor signal values; determining a plurality of training data sets by assigning a plurality of evaluation point time series generated from a sensor signal time series to the opening or closing time associated with the sensor signal, wherein the evaluation point time series has a lower temporal resolution than the sensor signal time series; training the data-based evaluation model depending on the determined training data sets.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method determines a degree of robustness for a robustness of a provided, trained, data-based sensor model for evaluating an input dataset having at least one signal time series in order to determine a model output representing a change-point time. The method includes providing a plurality of unlabeled validation input datasets to the sensor model, and determining a plurality of robust validation input datasets of the plurality of unlabeled validation input datasets that satisfy a first robustness criterion and/or a second robustness criterion. The method further includes determining a proportion of the plurality of robust validation input datasets out of the plurality of unlabeled validation input datasets in order to obtain the degree of robustness.

Abstract: A method for operating an injection valve by ascertaining an opening time and/or closing time of the injection valve on the basis of a sensor signal. The method includes: providing an analysis point time series by sampling a sensor signal of a sensor of the injection valve; using a nonlinear, data-based first submodel in order to obtain a first model output on the basis of the analysis point time series; using a linear, data-based second submodel in order to obtain a second model output on the basis of the analysis point time series; ascertaining the opening time and/or closing time as a function of the first and second model outputs.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for training a data-based time determining model for determining an opening or closing time of an injection valve based on a sensor signal. The method includes: providing an unlabeled analysis point time series by sampling the sensor signal of a sensor of the injection valve; training the data-based time determining model to assign a time specification which represents a specific opening or closing duration to an analysis point time series, the training process being carried out using a first shifting function to time-shift the analysis point time series and a second shifting function in order to time-shift the time specification. A consistency loss function is used for the training process.

Abstract: A method is for training a data-based evaluation model for determining an evaluation result. The method includes providing training data sets that assign input data sets to one or more labels, and determining a distribution interval of values of all the input data sets. The method further includes performing an initial determination of model parameters for the data-based evaluation model as a function of the distribution interval, and training the data-based evaluation model with the training data sets by further adaptation of the model parameters.

Abstract: A method evaluates a data-based sensor model for determining a change-point time in a sensor signal time series. The method includes providing an evaluation signal time series within an evaluation time window of a sensor signal time series, and determining sensor signal extracts from the evaluation signal time series. The sensor signal extracts are (i) time-shifted with respect to one another, or (ii) respectively offset from one another by a number of sensing steps. The sensor signal extracts are shorter in length than the evaluation signal time series. The method further includes determining one or more frequency contributions from the sensor signal extracts using a fast Fourier transform (“FFT”) or a Goertzel algorithm, and evaluating the one or more frequency contributions in a trained data-based sensor model in order to determine a change-point time within the evaluation time window.

Abstract: A method evaluates a trained data-based evaluation model for determining a model output for controlling, regulating, operating, or monitoring a technical system with periodically determined input data sets. The method includes recording input data sets for a predetermined number of time-sequential scanning steps, and aggregating the input data sets into an input data package of validated input data sets. The method further includes determining an evaluation result for each of the input data sets in the input data package using the trained data-based evaluation model. Upon each evaluation, one or more model parameters of the trained data-based evaluation model are reduced by an amount or set to 0. The method is further configured to aggregate the evaluation results to obtain the model output.

Abstract: A method trains a data-based sensor model for determining a change-point timing in at least one sensor signal of a cyclic technical process executed by a technical system. The method includes providing sensor signal time series of a sampled measured value and an associated change-point timing, and determining an evaluation signal time series by defining a regular evaluation time window over the sensor signal time series. The method further includes determining training datasets having the evaluation signal time series and the assigned change-point timing, and training the data-based sensor model with the training datasets. The change-point timing is provided as a classification vector. The classification vector encodes a time point within the evaluation time window by a position of an element of the classification vector and encodes a time point before and/or after the evaluation time window by a further position of a further element of the classification vector.

Abstract: A method determines a distance metric for determining a distance to a data point having heterogeneous classes of variables. The method includes providing training records each assigning a label to a data point, the training records partitioned into training data points of a training amount and validation data points of a validation amount, and training a data-based system model with the training amount, such that the data-based system model associates data points with a model output, respectively. The method further includes for each validation data point of the validation amount, determining a quality level of the data-based system model and a distance value to a nearest training data point for each of the heterogeneous classes of variables. The distance value to the nearest training data point is determined separately with respect to a respective class of variables.