Abstract: Disclosed are a drug evaluation method and apparatus. The drug evaluation method includes acquiring cell images in response to a drug to be evaluated, loading an image processing-based learning model trained so as to predict molar concentrations, outputting molar concentrations of cells corresponding to the cell images by applying the learning model to the acquired cell images, and calculating a drug evaluation value used to evaluate effects of the drug on the cells based on the molar concentrations of the cells corresponding to the cell images output through the learning model.

Abstract: An apparatus for mass spectrometry includes a plate on which a semiconductor wafer including an organic matter is disposed. A hybrid provider provides a ZnO-graphene hybrid to a predetermined region on the semiconductor wafer. A mass analyzer detects the organic matter in the predetermined region using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS).

Abstract: An apparatus for mass spectrometry includes a plate on which a semiconductor wafer including an organic matter is disposed. A hybrid provider provides a ZnO-graphene hybrid to a predetermined region on the semiconductor wafer. A mass analyzer detects the organic matter in the predetermined region using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS).

Abstract: In a method of forming a conductive pattern structure of a semiconductor device, a first insulating interlayer is formed on a substrate. A first wiring is formed to pass through the first insulating interlayer. An etch stop layer and a second insulating interlayer are sequentially formed on the first insulating interlayer. A second wiring is formed to pass through the second insulating interlayer and the etch stop layer. A dummy pattern is formed to pass through the second insulating layer and the etch stop layer at the same time as forming the second wiring. The second wiring is electrically connected to the first wiring. The dummy pattern is electrically isolated from the second wiring.

Abstract: In a method of forming a conductive pattern structure of a semiconductor device, a first insulating interlayer is formed on a substrate. A first wiring is formed to pass through the first insulating interlayer. An etch stop layer and a second insulating interlayer are sequentially formed on the first insulating interlayer. A second wiring is formed to pass through the second insulating interlayer and the etch stop layer. A dummy pattern is formed to pass through the second insulating layer and the etch stop layer at the same time as forming the second wiring. The second wiring is electrically connected to the first wiring. The dummy pattern is electrically isolated from the second wiring.

Abstract: In a composition for etching silicon oxide, and a method of forming a contact hole using the composition, the composition which includes from about 0.01 to about 2 percent by weight of ammonium bifluoride, from about 2 to about 35 percent by weight of an organic acid, from about 0.05 to about 1 percent by weight of an inorganic acid, and a remainder of a low polar organic solvent. The composition may reduce damages to a metal silicide pattern that may be exposed in an etching process performed for forming the contact hole.

Abstract: In a composition for etching silicon oxide, and a method of forming a contact hole using the composition, the composition which includes from about 0.01 to about 2 percent by weight of ammonium bifluoride, from about 2 to about 35 percent by weight of an organic acid, from about 0.05 to about 1 percent by weight of an inorganic acid, and a remainder of a low polar organic solvent. The composition may reduce damages to a metal silicide pattern that may be exposed in an etching process performed for forming the contact hole.

Abstract: A contact hole forming method and a method of manufacturing semiconductor device using the same may include forming a layer on a substrate; anisotropically etching the layer to form a dummy contact hole exposing the substrate; isotropically etching a sidewall of the dummy contact hole to form a contact hole by alternatively and repeatedly supplying an etching solution including a fluoride salt in a low-polarity organic solvent and deionized water to the dummy contact hole. The methods increase reliability of semiconductor memory devices.

Abstract: In a composition for etching silicon oxide, and a method of forming a contact hole using the composition, the composition which includes from about 0.01 to about 2 percent by weight of ammonium bifluoride, from about 2 to about 35 percent by weight of an organic acid, from about 0.05 to about 1 percent by weight of an inorganic acid, and a remainder of a low polar organic solvent. The composition may reduce damages to a metal silicide pattern that may be exposed in an etching process performed for forming the contact hole.

Abstract: A cleaning composition is disclosed. The cleaning composition comprises about 80 to 99.8999 percent by weight of an ammonium fluoride aqueous solution, about 0.1 to 5 percent by weight of a buffering agent, and about 0.0001 to 15 percent by weight of a corrosion-inhibiting agent. A method of preparing the cleaning composition, a method of cleaning a substrate using the cleaning composition, and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device using the cleaning composition are also disclosed.