Abstract: A stimulation circuitry for a multichannel potentiostat has individually controllable stimulation channels, and includes at least one circuit group. The circuit group includes: (i) a controllable current source; (ii) a transient suppression module having an input resistively coupled to an output of the current source, the transient suppression module being a module for controllably suppressing a transient current with respect to an output of said transient suppression module; (iii) a demultiplexer having an input resistively coupled to the output of the transient suppression module; and (iv) a controller for selecting an output of the demultiplexer and for operating the transient suppression module with respect to said output selection.

Abstract: A process for the removal of divalent cations, such as calcium and magnesium, from a saline aqueous solution such as a natural brine comprising lithium, using an electrolytic cell comprising at least one anion exchange membrane. The process allows removal of undesired components before lithium recovery, by reducing their concentrations to less than 0.1% of their original concentration in the brine while the lithium concentration remains unchanged.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to efficient methods of controlling biological conversions while simultaneously removing and converting some of the generated products. More specifically, and, for example, the disclosure discloses electrochemical processes to remove and capture potentially toxic ammonium during anaerobic digestions and to remove and capture carboxylic acids during bioethanol production. The disclosure can, thus, be used to enhance bioproduction processes via controlling pH and/or reduction/oxidation, in combination with in situ product recovery.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to efficient methods of controlling biological conversions while simultaneously removing and converting some of the generated products. More specifically, and, for example, the disclosure discloses electrochemical processes to remove and capture potentially toxic ammonium during anaerobic digestions and to remove and capture carboxylic acids during bioethanol production. The disclosure can, thus, be used to enhance bioproduction processes via controlling pH and/or reduction/oxidation, in combination with in situ product recovery.

Abstract: A microbial fuel cell having a pathway for passage of effluent from the anode to the cathode is provided, in addition to an ion exchange membrane between the chambers. Effluent may also pass from cathode to anode forming a continuous loop. Oxidation of effluent at the anode creates ammonium ions and produces electrons for an external circuit. The ammonium ions undergo nitrification at the cathode. Alternatively a nitrification reactor may be provided in the effluent pathway. Electrons are received by the cathode from the external circuit to reduce nitrate ions created by the nitrification process.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved microbial fuel cell for treatment of fluid, especially liquid streams containing a substrate or electron donor for micro-organisms which comprises a membrane (2) separating the cathode (3) and the anode (1), this membrane (2) surrounding the anode (1).