Abstract: A driving tool includes: a main chamber storing compressed air; a striking cylinder configured to move a striking piston in an axial direction by being supplied with the compressed air from the main chamber; and a main valve portion switching between supplying and not supplying the compressed air to the striking cylinder. The main valve portion includes: a head valve opening and closing communication between the striking cylinder and the main chamber; a main valve biasing portion configured to bias the head valve in a closing direction or an opening direction; and a control chamber configured to control opening and closing of the head valve by intake and exhaust of the compressed air supplied from the main chamber. The main valve biasing portion is provided outside the control chamber.

Abstract: A driving tool includes: a main chamber configured to store compressed air; a striking cylinder configured to move a striking piston in an axial direction along an up-down direction by being supplied with the compressed air stored in the main chamber; a main valve portion configured to open and close communication between the striking cylinder and the main chamber; a trigger valve portion configured to cause the main valve portion to operate; and a first stem configured to be actuated in response to an operation. The trigger valve portion includes a pilot valve configured to cause the main valve portion to operate, and a second stem configured to control intake and exhaust of the compressed air to switch whether the pilot valve operates. The first stem causes the second stem to operate.

Abstract: A driving tool includes: a main chamber configured to store compressed air; a striking cylinder configured to move a striking piston in an axial direction along an up-down direction by being supplied with the compressed air from the main chamber; and a main valve portion configured to switch between supplying and not supplying the compressed air to the striking cylinder. The main valve portion includes: a head valve configured to open and close communication between the striking cylinder and the main chamber; and a control chamber configured to control opening and closing of the head valve by intake and exhaust of the compressed air supplied from the main chamber. The control chamber is provided on an outer periphery of the head valve.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure concern systems, methods, and/or compositions for cultivation of mammalian viruses, including at least human noroviruses and sapoviruses within the Caliciviridae family of viruses. The ex vivo culture systems include intestinal enteroids in combination with bile or a functionally active fraction or component thereof. In specific embodiments, the culture system is utilized to test inactivation compounds for therapeutic or environmental efficacy and to test contaminated comestibles and/or environmental entities for determination of the presence of infectious virus. Furthermore, antiviral compositions may be tested using systems of the disclosure, including drugs, small molecule inhibitors, and biologics such as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure concern systems, methods, and/or compositions for cultivation of mammalian viruses, including at least human noroviruses and sapoviruses within the Caliciviridae family of viruses. The ex vivo culture systems include intestinal enteroids in combination with bile or a functionally active fraction or component thereof. In specific embodiments, the culture system is utilized to test inactivation compounds for therapeutic or environmental efficacy and to test contaminated comestibles and/or environmental entities for determination of the presence of infectious virus. Furthermore, antiviral compositions may be tested using systems of the disclosure, including drugs, small molecule inhibitors, and biologics such as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure concern systems, methods, and/or compositions for cultivation of mammalian viruses, including at least human noroviruses and sapoviruses within the Caliciviridae family of viruses. The ex vivo culture systems include intestinal enteroids in combination with bile or a functionally active fraction or component thereof. In specific embodiments, the culture system is utilized to test inactivation compounds for therapeutic or environmental efficacy and to test contaminated comestibles and/or environmental entities for determination of the presence of infectious virus. Furthermore, antiviral compositions may be tested using systems of the disclosure, including drugs, small molecule inhibitors, and biologics such as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract: An excitation operation brake includes a braking shaft, an armature that rotates integrally with the braking shaft, and a field core including a disc portion facing the armature. The disc portion includes an outer magnetic shielding portion and an inner magnetic shielding portion, which make a magnetic flux flowing through the disc portion bypass to the armature a plurality of times. The outer magnetic shielding portion includes a low-magnetic resistance path having a magnetic resistance smaller than the magnetic resistance of a magnetic path that bypasses to the armature.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure concern systems, methods, and/or compositions for cultivation of mammalian viruses, including at least human noroviruses and sapoviruses within the Caliciviridae family of viruses. The ex vivo culture systems include intestinal enteroids in combination with bile or a functionally active fraction or component thereof. In specific embodiments, the culture system is utilized to test inactivation compounds for therapeutic or environmental efficacy and to test contaminated comestibles and/or environmental entities for determination of the presence of infectious virus. Furthermore, antiviral compositions may be tested using systems of the disclosure, including drugs, small molecule inhibitors, and biologics such as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure concern systems, methods, and/or compositions for cultivation of mammalian viruses, including at least human noroviruses and sapoviruses within the Caliciviridae family of viruses. The ex vivo culture systems include intestinal enteroids in combination with bile or a functionally active fraction or component thereof. In specific embodiments, the culture system is utilized to test inactivation compounds for therapeutic or environmental efficacy and to test contaminated comestibles and/or environmental entities for determination of the presence of infectious virus. Furthermore, antiviral compositions may be tested using systems of the disclosure, including drugs, small molecule inhibitors, and biologies such as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract: An excitation operation brake includes a braking shaft, an armature that rotates integrally with the braking shaft, and a field core including a disc portion facing the armature. The disc portion includes an outer magnetic shielding portion and an inner magnetic shielding portion, which make a magnetic flux flowing through the disc portion bypass to the armature a plurality of times. The outer magnetic shielding portion includes a bypass magnetic path having a magnetic resistance smaller than the magnetic resistance of a magnetic path that bypasses the armature.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure concern systems, methods, and/or compositions for cultivation of mammalian viruses, including at least human noroviruses and sapoviruses within the Caliciviridae family of viruses. The ex vivo culture systems include intestinal enteroids in combination with bile or a functionally active fraction or component thereof. In specific embodiments, the culture system is utilized to test inactivation compounds for therapeutic or environmental efficacy and to test contaminated comestibles and/or environmental entities for determination of the presence of infectious virus. Furthermore, antiviral compositions may be tested using systems of the disclosure, including drugs, small molecule inhibitors, and biologies such as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract: An automobile rear body structure wherein the longitudinal frame for each side of the body structure is constituted by a first frame member welded to the undersurface of a rear floor panel and a second frame member positioned inside the rear luggage compartment having its bottom defined by a rear end portion of the rear floor panel which has been stepped down from the remainder of the rear floor panel. The first and second frame members are welded together through the peripheral lip region of the opening which has been defined in the rear floor panel for receiving the longitudinal frame therethrough.