Abstract: A charging member includes an electroconductive base for being supplied with a voltage; a first resin layer; a second resin layer; wherein said first and second resin layers are produced by applying and drying paint-like material including resin material dispersed in aqueous material.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes a developer carrying sleeve, opposed to an electrostatic image bearing member for carrying a developer; a regulating member for regulating an amount of developer on the developer carrying sleeve, wherein the regulating member cooperates with the developer carrying member to form a nip, and includes a rubber blade having a wear index of 0.03-0.15, and wherein the rubber blade is contacted to the developer carrying member with a contact pressure P (g/cm), wherein 10.ltoreq.P.ltoreq.60.

Abstract: A timer for measuring the image formation interval, and the fixing temperature is set in response to the measured image formation interval so as to balance satisfactorily the degree of fixation, the amount of the recording material curling, and the recording material wrinkling no matter what timing is used to start the next image formation after the completion of the preceding one.

Abstract: A charging member for charging a member to be charged includes a base member: a surface elastic member supported by the base member, the elastic member comprises a foamed member and a coating layer covering the foamed member; wherein a surface of the charging member has an Asker-C hardness of not more than 55 degrees and an international rubber hardness (IRHD) of not more than 80 degrees.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes a developer carrying member for carrying developer, opposed to an image bearing member for bearing an electrostatic image; a regulating member for regulating an amount of the developer to be applied on the developer carrying member; and electric field generator for generating an oscillating electric field between the developer carrying member and the regulating member; wherein the amount of the developer to be applied on the developer carrying member is regulated to no less than 0.6 mg/cm.sup.2 and no more than 1.5 mg/cm.sup.2 by the regulating member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a image bearing member having a photosensitive layer, a surface protection layer having fluorine resin material; a charging member contactable to the image bearing member to electrically charge the image bearing member, the charging member is capable of being supplied with an oscillation voltage, and wherein a peak-to-peak voltage of the oscillating voltage applied across a gap between a surface of the charging member and the surface of the image bearing member, is not less than twice a charge starting voltage of the image bearing member in the gap and not more than 1600 volt.

Abstract: A developing apparatus including a developing roller for carrying an one component developer to a developing zone for developing an electrostatic latent image. The developing roller is provided with a surface layer which contains long carbon fibers extending substantially parallel to the axis of the developing roller or extending in a direction inclined relative to the roller axis, and a binder for binding the carbon fibers.

Abstract: A developing apparatus using one component developer includes a developing sleeve for carrying the developer to a developing zone. The developing sleeve has an outer coating layer made of resin material in which electrically conductive fine particles are dispersed.