Abstract: A formed body of Cu—Al—Mn-based shape-memory alloy may include a screw portion, wherein the screw portion is a form-rolled portion. A method for producing a formed body of Cu—Al—Mn-based shape-memory alloy may involve forming a screw portion having superelasticity by plastically working at least a portion of a material for the formed body with form-rolling in a state that a crystal structure is an A2-type structure and then, subjecting heat-treatment so as to convert the A2-type crystal structure into an L21-type crystal structure. The screw portion can be formed with good working property, and has excellent fatigue resistance and breaking resistance.

Abstract: In an x-ray absorber in accordance with the present invention, reduced transmittance of the x-ray absorber is suppressed while phase shift amount in the vicinity of ?-radians is achieved. For this purpose, a material is used that has a high transmittance per film thickness and contains an element with a high phase shift amount and an element with a low transmittance, as a material composition that forms the x-ray absorber. In other words, the transmittance of the x-ray absorber is mainly determined by the element with a low transmittance, and phase shift falling short of ?-radians is compensated with the element with a high transmittance and a high phase shift.

Abstract: In an exposing method reflecting synchrotron radiation, having a critical wavelength of 8.46 Å, emitted from a radiation generator (SR device) having a deflecting magnetic field of 4.5 T and electron acceleration energy of 0.7 GeV twice through rhodium mirrors having an oblique-incidence angle of 1°, transmitting the light through a beryllium window of 20 &mgr;m and through an X-ray mask prepared by forming an X-ray absorber pattern on a diamond mask substrate of 2 &mgr;m in thickness and thereafter irradiating a resist surface provided on a substrate with the light, the resist has a main absorption waveband in the wave range of at least 3 Å and not more than 13 Å and contains an element generating Auger electrons having energy in the range of at least about 0.51 KeV and not more than 2.6 KeV upon exposure.

Abstract: In the x-ray absorber in accordance with the present invention, reduced transmittance of the x-ray absorber is suppressed while the phase shift amount is provided in the vicinity of −&pgr; radian. For this purpose, it is characterized in that such a material is used that has a high transmittance per film thickness and contains an element with a high phase shift amount and an element with a low transmittance, as a material composition that forms the x-ray absorber. In other words, the transmittance of the x-ray absorber is mainly determined by the element with a low transmittance, and the phase shift amount falling short of −&pgr; radian is compensated with the element with a high transmittance and a high phase shift amount.

Abstract: In an exposing method reflecting synchrotron radiation, having a critical wavelength of 8.46 Å, emitted from a radiation generator (SR device) having a deflecting magnetic field of 4.5 T and electron acceleration energy of 0.7 GeV twice through rhodium mirrors having an oblique-incidence angle of 1°, transmitting the light through a beryllium window of 20 &mgr;m and through an X-ray mask prepared by forming an X-ray absorber pattern on a diamond mask substrate of 2 &mgr;m in thickness and thereafter irradiating a resist surface provided on a substrate with the light, the resist has a main absorption waveband in the wave range of at least 3 Å and not more than 13 Å and contains an element generating Auger electrons having energy in the range of at least about 0.51 KeV and not more than 2.6 KeV upon exposure.

Abstract: A thin film forming apparatus using laser includes a chamber (1), a target (5) placed therein, a laser light source (10) for emitting laser beam to target (5), and a substrate holder (3). When target (5) is irradiated with laser beam (16), a plume (15) is generated, and materials included in plume (15) are deposited on the surface of a substrate (2) held by substrate holder (3). The laser beam emitted from laser light source (10) has its cross section shaped to a desired shape when passed through a shielding plate (4804), for example, so that the surface of the target (5) is irradiated with the beam having uniform light intensity distribution. Therefore, a plume (15) having uniform density distribution of active particles is generated, and therefore a thin film of high quality can be formed over a wide area with uniform film quality, without damaging the substrate.