Abstract: There is provided a piercing apparatus in which the occurrence of an inner surface flaw in a hollow shell is suppressed. A piercing apparatus (10) according to an embodiment of the present invention is the piercing apparatus (10) which pierces a billet (18). The piercing apparatus (10) has a plug (14). The plug (14) has a through hole (30). The through hole (30) extends along the central axis, and allows the central portion of the billet (18) being pierced to pass therethrough.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus capable of forming a pupil intensity distribution of desired shape and illuminance and, in turn, capable of realizing illumination conditions of great variety. The apparatus has a spatial light modulation unit composed of a first spatial light modulator and a second spatial light modulator arranged in an order of incidence of light, and a distribution forming optical system to form a predetermined light intensity distribution on an illumination pupil, based on a beam having traveled via the first spatial light modulator and the second spatial light modulator. The first spatial light modulator has a plurality of first optical elements which are two-dimensionally arranged and postures of which each are individually controlled. The second spatial light modulator has a plurality of second optical elements which are two-dimensionally arranged in correspondence to the first optical elements and postures of which each are individually controlled.

Abstract: An illumination optical system is one for illuminating a surface to be illuminated with light from a light source, which has a distribution forming optical system including an optical integrator and forming a pupil intensity distribution on an illumination pupil located behind the optical integrator, and an optical attenuator arranged on a predetermined surface in an optical path behind the optical integrator and having an attenuation characteristic of varying an attenuation rate depending upon an angle of incidence to the predetermined surface.

Abstract: There is provided a piercing apparatus in which the occurrence of an inner surface flaw in a hollow shell is suppressed. A piercing apparatus (10) according to an embodiment of the present invention is the piercing apparatus (10) which pierces a billet (18). The piercing apparatus (10) has a plug (14). The plug (14) has a through hole (30). The through hole (30) extends along the central axis, and allows the central portion of the billet (18) being pierced to pass therethrough.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus capable of forming a pupil intensity distribution of desired shape and illuminance and, in turn, capable of realizing illumination conditions of great variety. The apparatus has a spatial light modulation unit composed of a first spatial light modulator and a second spatial light modulator arranged in an order of incidence of light, and a distribution forming optical system to form a predetermined light intensity distribution on an illumination pupil, based on a beam having traveled via the first spatial light modulator and the second spatial light modulator. The first spatial light modulator has a plurality of first optical elements which are two-dimensionally arranged and postures of which each are individually controlled. The second spatial light modulator has a plurality of second optical elements which are two-dimensionally arranged in correspondence to the first optical elements and postures of which each are individually controlled.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus is able to quickly perform switching between polarization states of illumination light in a first region and in a second region. The illumination optical apparatus of the present invention for illuminating a surface to be illuminated on the basis of light from a light source is provided with an optical integrator of a wavefront division type arranged in an optical path between the light source and the surface to be illuminated and including a plurality of wavefront division regions; and a polarization changing member for changing a polarization state of at least one beam out of a beam incident to a first region in the wavefront division regions of the optical integrator and a beam incident to a second region in the wavefront division regions of the optical integrator.

Abstract: This invention relates to an illumination optical apparatus capable of forming a pupil intensity distribution of a desired shape and desired illuminance and, in turn, capable of realizing illumination conditions of great variety. The illumination optical apparatus has a spatial light modulation unit composed of a first spatial light modulator and a second spatial light modulator arranged in an order of incidence of light, and a distribution forming optical system to form a predetermined light intensity distribution on an illumination pupil, based on a beam having traveled via the first spatial light modulator and the second spatial light modulator. The first spatial light modulator has a plurality of first optical elements which are two-dimensionally arranged and postures of which each are individually controlled.

Abstract: A variable slit device for forming illumination light having a slit shape extending in a longitudinal direction and a lateral direction. A first light intensity setting unit sets a first light intensity distribution, which is the light intensity distribution of a peripheral portion, which is one of a pair of peripheral portions extending along the longitudinal direction of the slit shape. A second light intensity setting unit sets a second light intensity distribution, which is the light intensity distribution of a peripheral portion, which is the other one of the pair of peripheral portions. Selection members select a first portion of a light beam that has the first light intensity distribution and a second portion of the light beam that has the second light intensity distribution.

Abstract: There is provided a printing apparatus in which a first printing medium which is inserted through an inserting port is fed toward a predetermined printing location by a first feeding path unit, and the first printing medium is discharged through the inserting port in a direction opposite to the feeding direction. The first printing medium which is fed to the printing location is printed by a first printing unit. A page turning mechanism having a page turning function for the first printing medium is arranged inside of the first printing unit when seen from the inserting port. A second printing unit having a different printing type from the first printing unit is arranged further inside than the page turning mechanism when seen from the inserting port. A second printing medium which is printed in the second printing unit is reversely fed by the first feeding path unit through a merging portion from the second feeding path unit and then is discharged through the inserting port.

Abstract: An illumination optical system is one for illuminating a surface to be illuminated with light from a light source, which has a distribution forming optical system including an optical integrator and forming a pupil intensity distribution on an illumination pupil located behind the optical integrator, and an optical attenuator arranged on a predetermined surface in an optical path behind the optical integrator and having an attenuation characteristic of varying an attenuation rate depending upon an angle of incidence to the predetermined surface.

Abstract: This invention relates to an illumination optical apparatus capable of forming a pupil intensity distribution of a desired shape and desired illuminance and, in turn, capable of realizing illumination conditions of great variety. The illumination optical apparatus has a spatial light modulation unit composed of a first spatial light modulator and a second spatial light modulator arranged in an order of incidence of light, and a distribution forming optical system to form a predetermined light intensity distribution on an illumination pupil, based on a beam having traveled via the first spatial light modulator and the second spatial light modulator. The first spatial light modulator has a plurality of first optical elements which are two-dimensionally arranged and postures of which each are individually controlled.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus is able to individually illuminate two regions separate from each other, under required illumination conditions. The illumination optical apparatus comprises a first illumination system to illuminate a illumination region and a second illumination region to illuminate a second illumination region. The first illumination system includes a first variable system which varies a shape or size of a light intensity distribution on an illumination pupil of the first illumination system and the second illumination system includes a second variable system which varies a shape or size of a light intensity distribution on an illumination pupil of the second illumination system. The first variable system and the second variable system vary the light intensity distribution on the illumination pupil of the first illumination system and the light intensity distribution on the illumination pupil of the second illumination system independently of each other.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus is able to quickly perform switching between polarization states of illumination light in a first region and in a second region. The illumination optical apparatus of the present invention for illuminating a surface to be illuminated on the basis of light from a light source is provided with an optical integrator of a wavefront division type arranged in an optical path between the light source and the surface to be illuminated and including a plurality of wavefront division regions; and a polarization changing member for changing a polarization state of at least one beam out of a beam incident to a first region in the wavefront division regions of the optical integrator and a beam incident to a second region in the wavefront division regions of the optical integrator.

Abstract: A variable slit device for forming illumination light having a slit shape extending in a longitudinal direction and a lateral direction. A first light intensity setting unit sets a first light intensity distribution, which is the light intensity distribution of a peripheral portion, which is one of a pair of peripheral portions extending along the longitudinal direction of the slit shape. A second light intensity setting unit sets a second light intensity distribution, which is the light intensity distribution of a peripheral portion, which is the other one of the pair of peripheral portions. Selection members select a first portion of a light beam that has the first light intensity distribution and a second portion of the light beam that has the second light intensity distribution.