Abstract: There is disclosed a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope wherein a bias voltage is applied to a specimen. A primary electron beam is made to strike the specimen, producing secondary electrons which are accelerated by an electric field producing an electron avalanche effect. Positive ions traveling toward the specimen reach the specimen or specimen holder. Then, the electrons lose their electric charge and return to molecules. In this way, a scanned image corresponding to a secondary electron image can be obtained based on the specimen current.

Abstract: A valve of a faucet comprises a stationary disk and a rotary disk. Each of the stationary disk and the rotary disk is made of a ceramics or a metal, and one surface of the stationary disk and one surface of the rotary disk are in contact with each other to form a sliding face therebetween. The valve of the faucet opens and closes a passage of a liquid by means of a relative displacement of the stationary disk and the rotary disk along the sliding face to control the flow rate of the liquid. At least one of the one surface of the stationary disk and the one surface of the rotary disk, which form the sliding face, has a film substantially comprising diamond-like carbon thereon.