Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light source, a mirror, a condenser lens, an objective lens, a beam splitter, an imaging unit, and an analysis unit. The analysis unit includes an interference intensity image acquisition unit, a first complex amplitude image generation unit, a second complex amplitude image generation unit, a two-dimensional phase image generation unit, a three-dimensional phase image generation unit, and a refractive index distribution calculation unit. The analysis unit irradiates an observation object with light along each of a plurality of light irradiation directions, acquires an interference intensity image at a reference position for each of the plurality of light irradiation directions from the imaging unit, and performs necessary processing based on the interference intensity images to obtain a three-dimensional refractive index distribution of the observation object.

Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light source, a mirror, a condenser lens, an objective lens, a beam splitter, an imaging unit, and an analysis unit. The analysis unit includes an interference intensity image acquisition unit, a first complex amplitude image generation unit, a second complex amplitude image generation unit, a two-dimensional phase image generation unit, a three-dimensional phase image generation unit, a refractive index distribution calculation unit, and a third complex amplitude image generation unit. The analysis unit irradiates an observation object with light along each of a plurality of light irradiation directions by changing an orientation of a reflection surface of the mirror, acquires an interference intensity image for each of the plurality of light irradiation directions from the imaging unit, and performs necessary processing based on the interference intensity images to obtain a three-dimensional refractive index distribution of the observation object.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method, device, and information processing program for determining a necrosis cell region in an object to be observed, using refractive-index distribution data pertaining to the object to be observed.

Abstract: A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit includes a logical operation circuit formed on a substrate of a first conductivity type and including at least a combination of a first transistor of the first conductivity type having a first well of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type and a second transistor of the second conductivity type having a second well of the first conductivity type, a third transistor of the first conductivity type having a gate terminal connected to the second well, and a fourth transistor of the second conductivity type having a gate terminal connected to the first well.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method, a device, and an information processing program for determining, by using refractive index distribution data pertaining to an object to be observed, the region of a cell that has undergone programmed cell death in the object to be observed.

Abstract: An surface plasmon microscope includes a light source, a polarization element, a beam splitter, an objective lens, a photodetector, an operation unit, and the like. An illumination optical system including lenses, the polarization element, the beam splitter, and the objective lens guides light output from the light source to converge the light by the objective lens, and illuminates a metal thin film with the light from a lower surface side of a transparent substrate and focuses the light on the metal thin film to generate a surface plasmon resonance. A detection optical system including the objective lens, the beam splitter, and a lens guides reflected light generated by the focused illumination on the metal thin film to the photodetector. The operation unit acquires refractive index information of a sample disposed in contact with the metal thin film based on the reflected light intensity detected by the photodetector.

Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light source, a mirror, a condenser lens, an objective lens, a beam splitter, an imaging unit, and an analysis unit. The analysis unit includes an interference intensity image acquisition unit, a first complex amplitude image generation unit, a second complex amplitude image generation unit, a phase conjugate operation unit, a two-dimensional phase image generation unit, a three-dimensional phase image generation unit, and a refractive index distribution calculation unit. The analysis unit irradiates an observation object with light along each of a plurality of light irradiation directions by changing an orientation of a reflection surface of the mirror, acquires an interference intensity image at a reference position for each of the plurality of light irradiation directions from the imaging unit, and performs necessary processing based on the interference intensity images to obtain a three-dimensional phase image of the observation object.

Abstract: In a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit formed on a substrate of a first conductivity type, a first logical operation circuit includes a combination of a first transistor of the first conductivity type having a first well of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type and a second transistor of the second conductivity type having a second well of the first conductivity type and a transmission circuit is connected to an output terminal of the first logical operation circuit and includes one or both of a third transistor of the first conductivity type and a fourth transistor of the second conductivity type. Each of gate terminals of the third transistor and the fourth transistor is connected to a well of a transistor of a different conductivity type between the first transistor and the second transistor or an output terminal of a second logical operation circuit.

Abstract: In a noise estimation step, a noise image included in a target image including linear noises extending along a first direction is estimated. In this case, an evaluation function including a first term representing a difference between a result obtained by performing differentiation processing in a second direction and low frequency component extraction processing in the first direction on the target image and a result obtained by performing differentiation processing in the second direction and low frequency component extraction processing in the first direction on the noise image is used to obtain the noise image which minimizes a value of the evaluation function. In a noise reduction step, a noise reduced image is generated from the target image based on the target image and the noise image.

Abstract: A cell evaluation method includes a labeling step, a refractive index distribution acquisition step, and an analysis step. In the labeling step, a specific component in a cell being an evaluation object is labeled with a labeling substance having refractive indices respectively at a first wavelength and a second wavelength different from each other. In the refractive index distribution acquisition step, a refractive index distribution of the cell in which the specific component is labeled in the labeling step is acquired at each of the first wavelength and the second wavelength. In the analysis step, a distribution of the specific component in the cell is evaluated by comparing the refractive index distributions respectively at the first wavelength and the second wavelength.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of evaluating neutrophil activity, which includes: evaluating neutrophil activity based on an index derived from measurement results of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity or superoxide production of a biological sample to which a neutrophil stimulant is added, in which the index is a time from addition of the neutrophil stimulant to rise of a peak of the MPO activity or the superoxide production.

Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light source, a lens, a polarizer, a first prism, a condenser lens, an objective lens, a second prism, a ¼ wave plate, a lens, a polarization camera, and an analysis unit. Each of the first prism and the second prism is, for example, a Wollaston prism or a Nomarski prism. The ¼ wave plate inputs light output from the second prism, and outputs two circularly polarized light beams having different rotation directions. The polarization camera inputs two light beams being circularly polarized in different rotation directions by the ¼ wave plate, and acquires an interference image on an imaging plane for each of three or more polarization components.

Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light source, a mirror, a condenser lens, an objective lens, a beam splitter, an imaging unit, and an analysis unit. The analysis unit includes an interference intensity image acquisition unit, a first complex amplitude image generation unit, a second complex amplitude image generation unit, a phase conjugate operation unit, a two-dimensional phase image generation unit, a three-dimensional phase image generation unit, and a refractive index distribution calculation unit. The analysis unit irradiates an observation object with light along each of a plurality of light irradiation directions by changing an orientation of a reflection surface of the mirror, acquires an interference intensity image at a reference position for each of the plurality of light irradiation directions from the imaging unit, and performs necessary processing based on the interference intensity images to obtain a three-dimensional phase image of the observation object.

Abstract: A refractive index distribution evaluation method, evaluation device, and information processing program, comprising: a data acquisition step or a data acquisition unit for acquiring refractive index distribution data for an object of observation; a selection step or a selection unit for selecting whether a target included in the refractive index distribution data is an evaluation target; and an evaluation step or an evaluation unit for evaluating the refractive index distribution of the evaluation target.

Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light source, a mirror, a condenser lens, an objective lens, a beam splitter, an imaging unit, and an analysis unit. The analysis unit includes an interference intensity image acquisition unit, a first complex amplitude image generation unit, a second complex amplitude image generation unit, a two-dimensional phase image generation unit, a three-dimensional phase image generation unit, a refractive index distribution calculation unit, and a third complex amplitude image generation unit. The analysis unit irradiates an observation object with light along each of a plurality of light irradiation directions by changing an orientation of a reflection surface of the mirror, acquires an interference intensity image for each of the plurality of light irradiation directions from the imaging unit, and performs necessary processing based on the interference intensity images to obtain a three-dimensional refractive index distribution of the observation object.

Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light source, a beam splitter, a mirror, a mirror, a cylindrical lens, a lens, a cylindrical lens, a beam splitter, a lens, a frequency shifter, an imaging unit, and an analysis unit. The analysis unit generates a complex amplitude image of each of a plurality of light irradiation directions of object light based on time series data of an interference intensity image output from the imaging unit, and generates a three-dimensional complex differential interference image of an observation object based on the complex amplitude image of each of the plurality of light irradiation directions. The analysis unit obtains a three-dimensional phase image of the observation object based on the three-dimensional complex differential interference image.

Abstract: A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit includes a logical operation circuit formed on a substrate of a first conductivity type and including at least a combination of a first transistor of the first conductivity type having a first well of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type and a second transistor of the second conductivity type having a second well of the first conductivity type, a third transistor of the first conductivity type having a gate terminal connected to the second well, and a fourth transistor of the second conductivity type having a gate terminal connected to the first well.

Abstract: An observation apparatus includes a light source, a mirror, a condenser lens, an objective lens, a beam splitter, an imaging unit, and an analysis unit. The analysis unit includes an interference intensity image acquisition unit, a first complex amplitude image generation unit, a second complex amplitude image generation unit, a two-dimensional phase image generation unit, a three-dimensional phase image generation unit, and a refractive index distribution calculation unit. The analysis unit irradiates an observation object with light along each of a plurality of light irradiation directions, acquires an interference intensity image at a reference position for each of the plurality of light irradiation directions from the imaging unit, and performs necessary processing based on the interference intensity images to obtain a three-dimensional refractive index distribution of the observation object.

Abstract: In a noise estimation step, a noise image included in a target image including linear noises extending along a first direction is estimated. In this case, an evaluation function including a first term representing a difference between a result obtained by performing differentiation processing in a second direction and low frequency component extraction processing in the first direction on the target image and a result obtained by performing differentiation processing in the second direction and low frequency component extraction processing in the first direction on the noise image is used to obtain the noise image which minimizes a value of the evaluation function. In a noise reduction step, a noise reduced image is generated from the target image based on the target image and the noise image.

Abstract: In a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit formed on a substrate of a first conductivity type, a first logical operation circuit includes a combination of a first transistor of the first conductivity type having a first well of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type and a second transistor of the second conductivity type having a second well of the first conductivity type and a transmission circuit is connected to an output terminal of the first logical operation circuit and includes one or both of a third transistor of the first conductivity type and a fourth transistor of the second conductivity type. Each of gate terminals of the third transistor and the fourth transistor is connected to a well of a transistor of a different conductivity type between the first transistor and the second transistor or an output terminal of a second logical operation circuit.