Abstract: A quantum coding system coupled to a quantum channel that includes an entanglement server that generates a first and second entangled qubit. A first cache coupled to the entanglement server and comprising a quantum store configured to store qubits and a classical store configured to store classical tagging information associated with the stored qubits, the first cache configured to provide the first entangled qubit at an output at a first time that is based on classical tagging information associated with the entangled qubit pairs. A transmitter coupled to the first quantum cache and coupled to the quantum channel, the transmitter configured to modulate the first entangled qubit pairs from the first cache using classical information, thereby producing coded classical information, and to provide the modulated qubit to the quantum channel.

Abstract: An entangled quantum state receiver includes an optical detector that generates an electrical signal having a signal characteristic in response to detection of a single photon. A first electrical circuit generates an electrical signal having a predetermined duration at an output when the signal characteristic is present. A clock generates a clock with a period, wherein the predetermined duration is greater than the period. A second electrical circuit generates and stores a state or a time in a memory location, where the state has a first state value when the electrical signal having the predetermined duration is present during a clock cycle and has a second state value when the electrical signal having the predetermined duration is not present during the clock cycle. A processor determines received entangled state information from the state value stored in the memory location or from time stored in the memory location.

Abstract: An entangled quantum cache includes a quantum store that receives a plurality of quantum states and is configured to store and order the plurality of quantum states and to provide select ones of the stored and ordered plurality of quantum states to a quantum data output at a first desired time. A fidelity system is configured to determine a fidelity of at least some of the plurality of quantum states. A classical store is coupled to the fidelity system and configured to store classical data comprising the determined fidelity information and an index that associates particular ones of classical data with particular ones of the plurality of quantum states and to supply at least some of the classical data to a classical data output at a second desired time. A processor is connected to the classical store and determines the first time based on the index.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for synchronizing and locking clocks identifies entangled pairs of photons by comparing a first and second list of measured state values of single photons, wherein the first list is compiled by photon arrival times measured using a first clock and the second list is compiled by photon arrival times measured using a second clock. Entangled pairs of photons are identified by a match of the measured state values of single photons in their respective lists. Elapsed times of the first and second clocks are determined by taking the difference between arrival times of respective identified entangled pairs of photons measured using their respective clocks. A rate of one of the first and second clocks is changed based on a difference between the elapsed times, thereby synchronizing the first and second clocks. Clocks are locked by repeating.

Abstract: A system for imaging using entangled photons includes an optical source that generates a set of four entangled photons correlated in time, such that detection of any one pair of the four entangled photons indicates that all four of the entangled photons are entangled. The optical source couples a first photon to a first path, a second photon to a second path, a third photon to a third path, and a fourth photon to a fourth path. A first detector detects the first photon of the set of four entangled photons. An object positioned at an object plane produces a modulation of the first photon. A spatial sampler detects the second photon. A second detector detects the third photon. A third detector detects the fourth photon. A first coincidence detector determines a coincidence between a detection of the first photon of the set of four entangled photons and a detection of the third photon of the set of four entangled photons.

Abstract: A method and system for identifying entangled photons includes generating a plurality of sets of four entangled photons, wherein a first pair of photons in each of the plurality of sets of four entangled photons are time correlated indicating that a second pair of photons in a same one of each of the plurality of sets of four entangled photons are time correlated. A coincidence time of a first pair of photons of each of the plurality of sets of four entangled photons is determined and coincidence times are recorded as a first quantum data set. A coincidence time of a second pair of photons of each of the plurality of sets of four entangled photons determined and coincidence times is recorded as a second quantum data set such that the first quantum data set and the second quantum data set comprise at least some correlated coincidence times.

Abstract: A method for identifying three entangled photons includes generating a set of first, second, and third entangled photons correlated in time and interfering the first and second entangled photons based on a difference between a first optical path from an output of an optical source that generates the first entangled photon to a first optical input to an interferometric beam splitter and a second optical path from an output of the optical source that generates the second entangled photon to a second input of the interferometric beam splitter. A first electrical signal is generated in response to detection of a first photon generated by the interfering of the first and second entangled photons. A second electrical signal is generated in response to detection of a second photon generated by the interfering of the first and second entangled photons. A third electrical signal is generated in response to detection of the third entangled photon.

Abstract: Quantum information system with metadata management includes an entangled quantum state source that generates quantum information in quantum form comprising two entangled states. A metadata collector generates metadata in classical form associated with the generated quantum information. A first receiver measures one of the two entangled states to generate quantum state information in classical form comprising a first state value and first TOA. A second receiver is configured to measure the other entangled states to generate quantum state information in classical form comprising a second state value and second TOA. A first processor generates a comb using the first TOA and the metadata to tag the generated quantum state information in classical form comprising the first state value. A second processor coupled to the first processor and to the second receiver is configured to process the comb and metadata to determine correlated data associated with the two entangled states.

Abstract: Quantum information system with metadata management includes an entangled quantum state source that generates quantum information in quantum form comprising two entangled states. A metadata collector generates metadata in classical form associated with the generated quantum information. A first receiver measures one of the two entangled states to generate quantum state information in classical form comprising a first state value and first TOA. A second receiver is configured to measure the other entangled states to generate quantum state information in classical form comprising a second state value and second TOA. A first processor generates a comb using the first TOA and the metadata to tag the generated quantum state information in classical form comprising the first state value. A second processor coupled to the first processor and to the second receiver is configured to process the comb and metadata to determine correlated data associated with the two entangled states.

Abstract: A system for imaging using entangled photons includes an optical source that generates a set of four entangled photons correlated in time, such that detection of any one pair of the four entangled photons indicates that all four of the entangled photons are entangled. The optical source couples a first photon to a first path, a second photon to a second path, a third photon to a third path, and a fourth photon to a fourth path. A first detector detects the first photon of the set of four entangled photons. An object positioned at an object plane produces a modulation of the first photon. A spatial sampler detects the second photon. A second detector detects the third photon. A third detector detects the fourth photon. A first coincidence detector determines a coincidence between a detection of the first photon of the set of four entangled photons and a detection of the third photon of the set of four entangled photons.

Abstract: A method of generating a nonce includes measuring a TOA and a corresponding first or second state value of a plurality of first photons, wherein respective ones of the plurality of first photons are entangled with respective ones of a plurality of second photons in a first basis, which is time, and entangled in a second basis. A first ordered list of the measured TOAs of the plurality of first photons is generated. A TOA and a corresponding first or second state value of the plurality of second photons are measured. A second ordered list of the measured TOA of the plurality of second photons is generated. TOA matches between the first ordered list and the second ordered list are determined. The first or second state values that correspond to the determined TOA matches between the first ordered list and the second ordered list are determined. A shared secret random number is determined using the first or second state values that correspond to the determined TOA matches.

Abstract: A method of generating a verification code includes measuring a time of arrival and a corresponding first or second state value of a plurality of first photons and a plurality of second photons, where respective ones of the plurality of first photons are entangled with respective ones of a plurality of second photons in a first basis, which is time, and entangled in a second basis. A first and a second ordered list of the measured times of arrival of the plurality of respective first and second photons is generated. Time-of-arrival matches between the first ordered list and the second ordered list are determined. First or second state values that correspond to the determined time-of-arrival matches between the first ordered list and the second ordered list are determined. A verification code using some of the determined first or second state values that correspond to the determined time-of-arrival matches is generated.

Abstract: A system that generates a shared random number includes a single photon detector configured to generate electrical signals in response to detected arrival times of a plurality of single photons as measured against a first clock and configured to detect polarizations of at least some of the detected plurality of single photons. A processor is configured to process the electrical signals generated by the detector to generate a first list representing a plurality of arrival times and corresponding polarizations of detected single photons; compare the plurality of arrival times in the generated first list with a second list of arrival times, as measured against a second clock that does not maintain a common clock time with the first clock, of single photons that include at least some of the other entangled single photons to identifying matching arrival times; and determine corresponding polarizations for the identified matching arrival times, thereby establishing a shared random number.

Abstract: Quantum information system with metadata management includes an entangled quantum state source that generates quantum information in quantum form comprising two entangled states. A metadata collector generates metadata in classical form associated with the generated quantum information. A first receiver measures one of the two entangled states to generate quantum state information in classical form comprising a first state value and first TOA. A second receiver is configured to measure the other entangled states to generate quantum state information in classical form comprising a second state value and second TOA. A first processor generates a comb using the first TOA and the metadata to tag the generated quantum state information in classical form comprising the first state value. A second processor coupled to the first processor and to the second receiver is configured to process the comb and metadata to determine correlated data associated with the two entangled states.

Abstract: A system for imaging using entangled photons includes an optical source that generates a set of four entangled photons correlated in time, such that detection of any one pair of the four entangled photons indicates that all four of the entangled photons are entangled. The optical source couples a first photon to a first path, a second photon to a second path, a third photon to a third path, and a fourth photon to a fourth path. A first detector detects the first photon of the set of four entangled photons. An object positioned at an object plane produces a modulation of the first photon. A spatial sampler detects the second photon. A second detector detects the third photon. A third detector detects the fourth photon. A first coincidence detector determines a coincidence between a detection of the first photon of the set of four entangled photons and a detection of the third photon of the set of four entangled photons.

Abstract: A method and system for identifying entangled photons includes generating a plurality of sets of four entangled photons, wherein one pair of photons of each set are time correlated, thereby indicating that another pair of four entangled photons are entangled. A coincidence of one pair of photons of the plurality of the sets of four entangled photons is determined and an ordered list of coincidences is generated. A state value of at least one other photon of the other pair of the portion of the plurality of the sets of four entangled photons is determined and an ordered list of state values based on the determined state values is generated. The ordered list of coincidences is compared to the ordered list of state values to determine entangled state information including determined state values that correspond to entangled sets of four entangled photons.

Abstract: A laser protection eyewear lens includes a lens substrate comprising an embedded wavelength filter having a first filter function, and a multi-layer dielectric filter applied to at least one of an inside and an outside surface of the lens substrate that comprises a second filter function having at least one center wavelength and bandwidth. The first filter function of the embedded wavelength filter and the second filter function of the multilayer dielectric filter produce a combined filter function that attenuates light reflecting off the multi-layer dielectric filter.

Abstract: A method for identifying three entangled photons includes generating a set of first, second, and third entangled photons correlated in time and interfering the first and second entangled photons based on a difference between a first optical path from an output of an optical source that generates the first entangled photon to a first optical input to an interferometric beam splitter and a second optical path from an output of the optical source that generates the second entangled photon to a second input of the interferometric beam splitter. A first electrical signal is generated in response to detection of a first photon generated by the interfering of the first and second entangled photons. A second electrical signal is generated in response to detection of a second photon generated by the interfering of the first and second entangled photons. A third electrical signal is generated in response to detection of the third entangled photon.

Abstract: A quantum cache includes a quantum store having an input that receives a quantum state having fundamental quantum properties comprising coherence and is configured to store the quantum state and to preserve a coherence property of stored quantum states to a fidelity level. A fidelity system is coupled to the quantum store and configured to identify if the quantum state that has a coherence property that is not at the fidelity level using monitoring that preserves a coherence property of quantum states to the fidelity level. The fidelity system is further configure to generate classical data about the quantum state if the coherence property is not at the fidelity level, wherein the generated classical data comprises an index associated with the quantum state. Classical data is generated about the quantum state and is transmitted over a classical channel, thereby informing an application that the quantum state having the associated index has the coherence property that is not at the fidelity level.

Abstract: A method for identifying three entangled photons includes generating a set of first, second, and third entangled photons correlated in time and interfering the first and second entangled photons based on a difference between a first optical path from an output of an optical source that generates the first entangled photon to a first optical input to an interferometric beam splitter and a second optical path from an output of the optical source that generates the second entangled photon to a second input of the interferometric beam splitter. A first electrical signal is generated in response to detection of a first photon generated by the interfering of the first and second entangled photons. A second electrical signal is generated in response to detection of a second photon generated by the interfering of the first and second entangled photons. A third electrical signal is generated in response to detection of the third entangled photon.