Abstract: A semiconductor structure, system and method. The semiconductor structure comprises: a substrate including circuitry therein; and a semiconductor stack on the substrate, the semiconductor stack including: a first electrically conductive layer including a metal and electrically coupled to the circuitry of the substrate; and a second electrically conductive layer between the substrate and the first electrically conductive layer, the second electrically conductive layer including one of a refractory metal, or a combination including silicon, carbon and nitride. The second electrically conductive layer may serve as a barrier layer between the first electrically conductive layer and the material of the underlying substrate, in this manner avoiding the formation of an intermixing region between the metal of the first electrically conductive layer and the material of the substrate during deposition of the metal.

Abstract: 3D graphene optical sensors, such as microstructure sensors and nanostructure sensors. The 3D optical sensors include one or more graphene panels shaped to surround an interior, open volume. Graphene plasmons couple across the interior, open volume. The 3D optical sensors can have a polygonal shape or a cylindrical shape.

Abstract: 3D microscale metamaterial structures and methods of making. The metamaterial structure includes a polygonal structure having a plurality of panels connected to one another at structure corners. A metal resonator pattern is provided on each of the panels. The resonator patterns of neighboring panels are electromagnetically coupled to one another across a gap between the resonator patterns at the corresponding structure corner. The panels can be a polymer material, layers of graphene oxide, etc. The metamaterial structure can be a 3D octagram split-ring resonator, and is completely isotropic. The 3D metamaterial structure can be made by a self-folding process.

Abstract: 3D graphene optical sensors, such as microstructure sensors and nanostructure sensors. The 3D optical sensors include one or more graphene panels shaped to surround an interior, open volume. Graphene plasmons couple across the interior, open volume. The 3D optical sensors can have a polygonal shape or a cylindrical shape.

Abstract: 3D microscale metamaterial structures and methods of making. The metamaterial structure includes a polygonal structure having a plurality of panels connected to one another at structure corners. A metal resonator pattern is provided on each of the panels. The resonator patterns of neighboring panels are electromagnetically coupled to one another across a gap between the resonator patterns at the corresponding structure corner. The panels can be a polymer material, layers of graphene oxide, etc. The metamaterial structure can be a 3D octagram split-ring resonator, and is completely isotropic. The 3D metamaterial structure can be made by a self-folding process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to improve the usability of thumbnails. In an embodiment, a computer implemented method for creating a thumbnail comprises generating a snapshot representing at least a portion of a view containing a plurality of windows, where each window has a window attribute, scaling the snapshot to a reduced size to form a thumbnail, and enhancing a representation of each window represented in the thumbnail based upon the window attribute of each window in the plurality of windows.