Abstract: An example of a method includes providing a substrate with an exposed surface comprising a first chemical group, wherein the providing optionally comprises modifying the exposed surface of the substrate to incorporate the first chemical group; reacting the first chemical group with a first reactive group of a functionalized polymer molecule to form a functionalized polymer coating layer covalently bound to the exposed surface of the substrate; grafting a primer to the functionalized polymer coating layer by reacting the primer with a second reactive group of the functionalized polymer coating layer; and forming a water-soluble protective coating on the primer and the functionalized polymer coating layer. Examples of flow cells incorporating examples of the water-soluble protective coating are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: An example of a method includes providing a substrate with an exposed surface comprising a first chemical group, wherein the providing optionally comprises modifying the exposed surface of the substrate to incorporate the first chemical group; reacting the first chemical group with a first reactive group of a functionalized polymer molecule to form a functionalized polymer coating layer covalently bound to the exposed surface of the substrate; grafting a primer to the functionalized polymer coating layer by reacting the primer with a second reactive group of the functionalized polymer coating layer; and forming a water-soluble protective coating on the primer and the functionalized polymer coating layer. Examples of flow cells incorporating examples of the water-soluble protective coating are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of detecting an analyte of interest comprising introducing a sample comprising an analyte of interest to an antibody or antibody fragment; incubating the sample and antibody or antibody fragment under conditions sufficient to allow binding of the analyte of interest to the antibody or antibody fragment; and detecting the binding of the analyte of interest to the antibody or antibody fragment using a label-free second harmonic detection system. Also disclosed are methods of screening and diagnosing using antibodies or antibody fragments and a label-free second harmonic detection system.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of detecting an analyte of interest comprising introducing a sample comprising an analyte of interest to an antibody or antibody fragment; incubating the sample and antibody or antibody fragment under conditions sufficient to allow binding of the analyte of interest to the antibody or antibody fragment; and detecting the binding of the analyte of interest to the antibody or antibody fragment using a label-free second harmonic detection system. Also disclosed are methods of screening and diagnosing using antibodies or antibody fragments and a label-free second harmonic detection system.

Abstract: An example of a method includes providing a substrate with an exposed surface comprising a first chemical group, wherein the providing optionally comprises modifying the exposed surface of the substrate to incorporate the first chemical group; reacting the first chemical group with a first reactive group of a functionalized polymer molecule to form a functionalized polymer coating layer covalently bound to the exposed surface of the substrate; grafting a primer to the functionalized polymer coating layer by reacting the primer with a second reactive group of the functionalized polymer coating layer; and forming a water-soluble protective coating on the primer and the functionalized polymer coating layer. Examples of flow cells incorporating examples of the water-soluble protective coating are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of detecting an analyte of interest comprising introducing a sample comprising an analyte of interest to an antibody or antibody fragment; incubating the sample and antibody or antibody fragment under conditions sufficient to allow binding of the analyte of interest to the antibody or antibody fragment; and detecting the binding of the analyte of interest to the antibody or antibody fragment using a label-free second harmonic detection system. Also disclosed are methods of screening and diagnosing using antibodies or antibody fragments and a label-free second harmonic detection system.