Abstract: An etchant for copper or copper alloy, which contains water as a main component and comprises (1) 1 to 20 mass % of iron (III) chloride and (2) 5 to 100 mass %, based on the iron chloride, of oxalic acid, and an etching method using the above etchant are provided, and the etching method includes pretreatment to be carried out with an aqueous solution containing at least one component selected from a component that dissolves copper or copper alloy and an acid, whereby well yields can be materialized.

Abstract: A method for forming a conductor pattern comprising the steps of (a) forming a photo-crosslinkable resin layer on a substrate provided with a conductive layer on its surface, (b) treating the photo-crosslinkable resin layer with an alkali aqueous solution to render it thinner, (c) carrying out exposure for a circuit pattern, (d) developing and (e) etching, the steps included in this order, said alkali aqueous solution being an aqueous solution containing 5 to 20 mass % of an inorganic alkaline compound, or method for forming a conductor pattern comprising the steps of (a?) forming a photo-crosslinkable resin layer on a substrate provide with a conductive layer on its surface and inside a hole thereof, (i) curing the photo-crosslinkable resin layer on the hole alone or on the hole and a surrounding area thereof, (b?) treating the photo-crosslinkable resin layer in an uncured portion with an alkali aqueous solution to render it thinner, (c) carrying out exposure for a circuit pattern, (d) developing and (e) etc

Abstract: A two-dimensional operation section includes a stick-shaped rocking shaft having an end having an operation knob. The operation knob is operated within a predetermined two-dimensional operation surface determined as an operation range such that a rocking axis of the rocking shaft tilts from a predetermined neutral angular position to a direction corresponding to an instructed position. A one-dimensional operation section has an operation surface exposed in a main surface of the operation knob, the main surface being an end surface of the rocking shaft. The one-dimensional operation section can be operated in a predetermined one-dimensional operation direction determined within the two-dimensional operation surface relative to the operation surface.

Abstract: An operation panel includes: a casing having a front surface; first and second operation elements disposed on the front surface of the casing; a light source for emitting light to each of the first and second operation elements and disposed in the casing; and a brightness adjustment layer for covering at least a part of a light emitting surface of the light source. The first operation element includes a first light transmission part, and the second operation element includes a second light transmission part. The light from the light source transmits the first and second light transmission parts so that the light is output from the casing. The brightness adjustment layer adjusts brightness of the light emitted from the light source and outputting toward one of the first and second light transmission parts.

Abstract: The method for making a screen printing mask, provided by this invention is a method for making a resin-formed screen printing mask having a resin layer on one main surface of a screen printing mask having openings, a resin layer having openings nearly in the same locations as those of said openings of the screen printing mask, and comprises the step of coating the one main surface of said screen printing mask with the resin layer by laminating, and the step of removing those parts of said resin layer which are positioned nearly in the same locations as those of the openings of said screen printing mask by self-alignment, to form the openings through the resin layer.

Abstract: An operation panel includes: a casing having a front surface; first and second operation elements disposed on the front surface of the casing; a light source for emitting light to each of the first and second operation elements and disposed in the casing; and a brightness adjustment layer for covering at least a part of a light emitting surface of the light source. The first operation element includes a first light transmission part, and the second operation element includes a second light transmission part. The light from the light source transmits the first and second light transmission parts so that the light is output from the casing. The brightness adjustment layer adjusts brightness of the light emitted from the light source and outputting toward one of the first and second light transmission parts.

Abstract: Only a specific color on the monitor can be specified as an arbitrary print color. In addition, a printed image where the specified color has been faithfully reproduced can be obtained, which enables a clear color image to be printed. When the correlation between a color in the RGB space and any color in the CMYK space or setting information that specifies whether to perform an ink-in process is input, a specified color decision section 211 makes a decision on this. A color replacement section 220 executes a color replacement process according to the setting information. If color replacement is not performed, a color conversion section 212 carries out a printer color conversion process in the printer normal operation.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a controller capable of interpreting a plurality of PDLs for describing a plurality of gamma correction patterns and a printer to form images on sheets of paper on the basis of raster image data of gamma correction patterns outputted by the controller. On the sheets of paper, at least two of the images on the basis of the raster image data of the plurality of gamma correction patterns respectively corresponding to the plurality of PDLs are formed.

Abstract: Image data, for example, image data that was gradation processed and replaced with a raster image is stored in every page of a page memory. The image data stored in this page memory is rotated in the left or right direction by 90° at a specified angle. By this rotation of image data, pixels with positional relation changed from that before the rotation are corrected to come near to the positional relation before the rotation. Then, an image is formed based on image data with the corrected positional relation of pixels.

Abstract: A photomask material which has high-definition image reproducibility and gives a photomask having good image strength, heat resistance and durability against light (ultraviolet light) and which is for use to form a circuit pattern etc., and a method of effectively processing the above photomask material. The photomask material comprises has at least a silver halide emulsion layer and a physical development center layer on a glass substrate, the physical development center layer being formed between the glass substrate and the silver halide emulsion layer, and gives a photomask having a metal silver image having a thickness of 1 &mgr;m or less formed on the glass substrate and having a maximum optical density of at least 1.

Abstract: There is disclosed an aluminum lithographic printing plate material which comprises an aluminum substrate, a silver halide emulsion layer and a physical development nuclei layer between the aluminum substrate and the silver halide emulsion layer, said silver halide emulsion layer contains photographic gelatin and gelatin having a weight average molecular weight of about 50,000 or less is contained in said silver halide emulsion layer and/or under said layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a silver halide photographic photosensitive material comprising a support and, provided thereon, at least one hydrophilic colloid layer including a photosensitive layer wherein the photosensitive layer comprises monodispersed silver halide grains having an average grain size of 0.2 micron or less and comprising at least 90 mol % of silver chloride, the photosensitive layer or a hydrophilic colloid layer provided on the same side of the support as the side on which the photosensitive layer is provided contains a hydrazine derivative, a hydrophilic colloid layer provided above the photosensitive layer contains a water-dispersible fine particle polymer, the photosensitive layer contains substantially no water-dispersible fine particle polymer, and amount of the water-dispersible fine particle polymer contained in the hydrophilic colloid layer is 1 g/m.sup.2 or less and is 5% by weight or more based on the weight of gelatin contained in the hydrophilic colloid layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a silver halide photographic photosensitive material which comprises a transparent support and a silver halide emulsion photosensitive layer provided thereon and a non-photosensitive layer on another side of the support on which the photosensitive layer is not provided, wherein both the photosensitive layer and the non-photosensitive layer contain dyes respectively and transmission density at 350-400 nm of the dye in the photosensitive layer is 0.15 or less and transmission density at 350-400 nm of the dye in the non-photosensitive layer is 0.40 or more.

Abstract: Disclosed is a silver halide photographic light sensitive material which has a silver halide emulsion layer optically sensitized with a sensitizing dye having a maximum spectral sensitivity in the region of at least 700 nm, said emulsion layer containing at least one compound represented by the following formula (I) or at least one compound represented by the general formula (I) and at least one compound represented by the general formula (II) in combination: ##STR1## (wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, an alkenyl group, an amino group, an acylamido group or a sulfonamido group and sum of carbon atom numbers of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is 3 or more.); ##STR2## (wherein R.sub.3 represents an alkyl group of at least 3 carbon atoms or an aryl group).

Abstract: An automobile differential gear system capable of establishing an appropriate differential motion between the right and left driving axles of an automobile so that the automobile is able to run smoothly along a curve where the right and left driving axles are required to be driven at different revolving rates respectively. The system comprises a differential gear, a steering angle detecting unit for detecting a steering angle, a driving speed detecting unit for detecting the speed of the differential gear case, a pinion speed control unit which provides a control signal for controlling the differential motion of the right and left driving axles of the automobile, and a pinion driving unit for rotating the pinions to control the respective revolving rates of the right and left driving axles according to the control signal so that correct and quick response of the movement of the automobile to steering operation is achieved.