Abstract: A powder glass solution is applied on top of a solar cell 12 with electrodes 17 formed thereon, and solvent is volatilized, followed by baking process, by which a glass 13 is directly formed on the top of the solar cell 12. In this way, the alignment between solar cell and glass as well as the finish work of removing overflowed adhesive are eliminated. Also, by selecting a powder glass having a coefficient of thermal expansion generally similar to that of a P-type silicon substrate 14, distortion by heating due to abrupt temperature changes is reduced. Thus, cost reduction and reliability improvement can be fulfilled.

Abstract: A nanometer-size quantum thin line is formed on a semiconductor substrate of a Si substrate or the like by means of the general film forming technique, lithographic technique and etching technique. By opportunely using the conventional film forming technique, photolithographic technique and etching technique, a second oxide film that extends in the perpendicular direction is formed on an Si substrate. Then, by removing the second oxide film that extends in the perpendicular direction, a second nitride film located below the film and a first oxide film located below the film by etching, a groove for exposing the Si substrate is formed. Then, a Si thin line is made to epitaxially grow on the exposed portion of the Si substrate. The quantum thin line is thus formed without using any special fine processing technique. The width of the groove can be accurately controlled in nanometers by controlling the film thickness of the second oxide film that is formed by oxidizing the surface of the second nitride film.

Abstract: A solar battery cell having textures formed in a texture region on a light-receiving surface thereof, except for a site where a surface electrode is formed, wherein the textures formed in a peripheral portion of the texture region have a different size from the textures formed in an inside portion located inside of the peripheral portion.

Abstract: A solar cell module includes a substrate, a plurality of solar cells arranged in a plane on the substrate, a connection member for electrically connecting the plurality of solar cells to each other to form a power generating circuit, and a single transparent cover sheet for covering the plurality of solar cells and the connection member.

Abstract: A process for producing a solar battery comprising a step of preparing a sheet material for protective covering having an adhesion surface which is large enough for attaching thereon a plurality of solar battery bodies; a step of applying an adhesive to at least one of adhesion surfaces of the sheet material for protective covering or the solar battery bodies; a step of bonding the solar battery bodies to the sheet material for protective covering; and a step of cutting the resulting solar battery bodies into a desired number of the solar battery bodies covered with the sheet material.

Abstract: A solar cell comprises a crystalline substrate having projections and depressions formed on either side or both sides of the substrate, wherein a projection-depression depth is 25 .mu.m or more.

Abstract: A fluorescent light emitted from a marking containing at least one fluorescent substance is detected by illuminating the marking with an exciting light having an intensity that varies at a predetermined cycle, converting a change in intensity of light reflected from a position where the exciting light is irradiated into a varying electric signal and selectively extracting from the converted electric signal, only an electric signal component having a frequency matching with but a phase displaced from, that of a signal component corresponding to light reflected from the marking. A fluorescent detecting apparatus for this purpose includes a light source for irradiating at an irradiating station a marking formed on a medium with rays of light having an intensity that varies cyclically, the marking having at least one fluorescent substance.

Abstract: A biological transducer device for measuring blood pressure, heart pulse, heart sound etc. comprising a high molecular piezoelectric element which is in a thin film or ribbon form so that the transducer is very pliable so as to make close accurate contact with a measuring point on a human body without producing any creases. The piezoelectric element is enclosed in netting comprised of a metal wire mesh so that the transducer is completely shielded from outer mechanical and electrical noise.