Abstract: A semiconductor device and a method of forming the same are provided. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, a gate structure, a dielectric structure and a contact structure. The substrate has source/drain (S/D) regions. The gate structure is on the substrate and between the S/D regions. The dielectric structure covers the gate structure. The contact structure penetrates through the dielectric structure to connect to the S/D region. A lower portion of a sidewall of the contact structure is spaced apart from the dielectric structure by an air gap therebetween, while an upper portion of the sidewall of the contact structure is in contact with the dielectric structure.

Abstract: A data replacement processing method is disclosed. In the present invention, buffering and decoding are not interrupted when a data block to be replaced is found. The data block to be replaced can be a defect or a remapped block. The data block to be replaced is not processed until it is requested to be transferred. When the data block to be replaced is to be transferred, transferring is stopped and the data block to be replaced is processed. Therefore, efficiency of the optical disc drive can be promoted since interruption number of the buffering and decoding is decreased. In addition, the optical disc will not execute redundant processing for data blocks to be replaced which are not requested to be transferred.

Abstract: An optical storage device that includes a memory and a controller. The memory includes a command queue to store advanced technology attachment (ATA) commands sent by a host device. The controller executes the commands, in which at least a subset of the commands are executed in a sequence that is different from a sequence in which the commands are sent by the host device.

Abstract: An optical storage device that includes a memory and a controller. The memory includes a command queue to store advanced technology attachment (ATA) commands sent by a host device. The controller executes the commands, in which at least a subset of the commands are executed in a sequence that is different from a sequence in which the commands are sent by the host device.

Abstract: A method for obtaining a firmware image from a second encrypted data having an encrypted firmware image. The encrypted firmware image is generated from the firmware image sequentially encrypted utilizing a first encryption key and a second encryption key. The first encryption key is specified for securing the firmware image. The second encryption key is specified for securing a distribution of the firmware image. The method includes: providing a second decryption key specified for decrypting the second encrypted data; decrypting at least the encrypted firmware image utilizing the second decryption key to generate a first encrypted data; providing a first decryption key specified for decrypting the first encrypted data; and decrypting the first encrypted data utilizing the first decryption key to obtain the firmware image.

Abstract: An optical storage device that includes a memory and a controller. The memory includes a command queue to store advanced technology attachment (ATA) commands sent by a host device. The controller executes the commands, in which at least a subset of the commands are executed in a sequence that is different from a sequence in which the commands are sent by the host device.