Abstract: A thin film transistor includes a bottom gate, a semiconductor layer, a top gate, a first auxiliary conductive pattern, a source, and a drain. The semiconductor layer includes a first semiconductor region, a second semiconductor region, a first heavily doped region, a second heavily doped region, a third heavily doped region, a first lightly doped region, a second lightly doped region, and a third lightly doped region. The first heavily doped region and the second heavily doped region are respectively located on two sides of the first semiconductor region. Two ends of the second semiconductor region are directly connected to the third heavily doped region and the third lightly doped region, respectively. The top gate is electrically connected to the bottom gate. The source and the drain are respectively electrically connected to the third heavily doped region and the second heavily doped region of the semiconductor layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure, in some embodiments, relates to a method of forming an integrated chip structure. The method may be performed by forming a plurality of interconnect layers within a first interconnect structure disposed over an upper surface of a first semiconductor substrate. An edge trimming process is performed to remove parts of the first interconnect structure and the first semiconductor substrate along a perimeter of the first semiconductor substrate. The edge trimming process results in the first semiconductor substrate having a recessed surface coupled to the upper surface by way of an interior sidewall disposed directly over the first semiconductor substrate. A dielectric capping structure is formed onto a sidewall of the first interconnect structure after performing the edge trimming process.

Abstract: A system and method for transmitting data in multiple-branch transmitter-diversity OFDM systems is presented. In one embodiment, an approach is taken where an inverse Fourier transform (IFT) is performed on data prior to encoding the data for transmission in the multiple-branch transmitter-diversity system. In another embodiment an IFT is performed on data prior to encoding the data using a space-time block code (STBC) algorithm.

Abstract: A system and method for transmitting data in multiple-branch transmitter-diversity OFDM systems is presented. In one embodiment, an approach is taken where an inverse Fourier transform (IFT) is performed on data prior to encoding the data for transmission in the multiple-branch transmitter-diversity system. In another embodiment an IFT is performed on data prior to encoding the data using a space-time block code (STBC) algorithm.

Abstract: A system and method for estimating channel characteristics in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with transmitter diversity is presented. The disclosed approach is compatible with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) “Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification.” In the disclosed system and method, an additional training symbol is transmitted during the data period. This provides additional information that may be used to more accurately estimate channel characteristics.

Abstract: An OFDM detection apparatus and method for networking devices. First, a sample sequence is taken from the beginning of a newly arrived network packet. Next, a first correlation sequence between the complex conjugate of the sample sequence and the sample sequence with a lag of N samples is formed. In the meantime, a second correlation sequence between the complex conjugate of the sample sequence and the sample sequence with a lag of M samples is also formed. The first and the second correlation sequence are then normalized. Depending on a comparison between the first normalized correlation sequence and a first predetermined threshold as well as another comparison between the second normalized correlation sequence and a second predetermined threshold, the newly arrived network packet is determined accordingly whether it is an OFDM modulated packet.

Abstract: A method of radar detection in a channel for radio local area networks operating in a regulatory band. First, a quiet time and quiet period are set, in which the ratio of the quiet time to the quiet period equals 1:4. The channel is quieted for the quiet time periodically at a rate dictated by the quiet period in order to be tested for radar. During each quiet time, a received power is measured to determine whether it exceeds a predetermined threshold. Radar presence is declared when the received power on that channel exceeds the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A method for transmission rate adaptation used in a wireless network. A current transmission rate is selected from a set of predetermined transmission rates. Each of the predetermined transmission rates, R, is associated with a PER (packet error rate) range, which includes a predetermined threshold pair of a high PER threshold, denoted as QH(R), and a low PER threshold, denoted as QL(R). First, calculate a first estimated PER, denoted as P1(rn), wherein rn denotes the current transmission rate. Then, check whether the P1(rn) is larger than the QH(rn), if yes, reduce the transmission rate. Then, calculate a second estimated PER, denoted as P2(rn), and check whether the P2(rn) is smaller than the QL(rn), if yes, increase the transmission rate. And, check whether the P2(rn) being larger than the QH(rn), if yes, reduce the transmission rate.

Abstract: A method of radar detection in a channel for radio local area networks operating in a regulatory band. First, a quiet time and quiet period are set, in which the ratio of the quiet time to the quiet period equals 1:4. The channel is quieted for the quiet time periodically at a rate dictated by the quiet period in order to be tested for radar. During each quiet time, a received power is measured to determine whether it exceeds a predetermined threshold. Radar presence is declared when the received power on that channel exceeds the predetermined threshold.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detection of direct sequence spread spectrum signals in 802.11b/g systems. First, a sample sequence is taken from a preamble of a newly arrived network packet. The next step is to calculate a sequence of correlation measures between the sample sequence and a pseudo-noise code sequence of length L. An accumulation sequence is then calculated in which each accumulation value thereof is obtained by summing N correlation measures that are selected at an interval of L from the sequence of correlation measures. Also, a statistic of the sample sequence is evaluated over a multiple of L number of samples. Based on a comparison between the statistic of the sample sequence and a predetermined threshold scaled by the maximum of the accumulation sequence, the presence of direct sequence spread spectrum signals can be determined accordingly.

Abstract: A system and method for estimating channel characteristics in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with transmitter diversity is presented. The disclosed approach is compatible with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) “Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification.” In the disclosed system and method, an additional training symbol is transmitted during the data period. This provides additional information that may be used to more accurately estimate channel characteristics.

Abstract: A system and method for transmitting data in multiple-branch transmitter-diversity OFDM systems is presented. In one embodiment, an approach is taken where an inverse Fourier transform (IFT) is performed on data prior to encoding the data for transmission in the multiple-branch transmitter-diversity system. In another embodiment an IFT is performed on data prior to encoding the data using a space-time block code (STBC) algorithm.

Abstract: An OFDM detection apparatus and method for networking devices. First, a sample sequence is taken from the beginning of a newly arrived network packet. Next, a first correlation sequence between the complex conjugate of the sample sequence and the sample sequence with a lag of N samples is formed. In the meantime, a second correlation sequence between the complex conjugate of the sample sequence and the sample sequence with a lag of M samples is also formed. The first and the second correlation sequence are then normalized. Depending on a comparison between the first normalized correlation sequence and a first predetermined threshold as well as another comparison between the second normalized correlation sequence and a second predetermined threshold, the newly arrived network packet is determined accordingly whether it is an OFDM modulated packet.

Abstract: The sequential signal selection system and method is generally related to communication systems and more particularly to a system and method for sequentially selecting signals from a set of signal(s). The sequential signal selection comprises a processor, a memory device that is coupled to the processor, at least one radio/transceiver that is coupled to the processor, and an analog pre-selection network that is coupled to the at least one radio/transceiver. Moreover, the sequential signal selection method comprises the steps of pre-selecting at least two signals from a set of signals based on a pre-selection method, and selecting at least one signal from the at least two signals based on a selection method.