Abstract: A photo resist layer is used to protect a dielectric layer and conductive elements embedded in the dielectric layer when patterning an etch stop layer underlying the dielectric layer. The photo resist layer may further be used to etch another dielectric layer underlying the etch stop layer, where etching the next dielectric layer exposes a contact, such as a gate contact. The bottom layer can be used to protect the conductive elements embedded in the dielectric layer from a wet etchant used to etch the etch stop layer.

Abstract: A gate driving circuit comprises a plurality of shift registers coupled in serial. An nth shift register includes a driving circuit, a pull-up circuit and a first auxiliary voltage regulator circuit. The driving circuit is electrically coupled to an output node and a first node. The driving circuit is configured to receive a clock signal and output a gate signal according to the clock signal. The pull-up circuit is electrically coupled to the driving circuit. The first auxiliary voltage regulator circuit is electrically coupled to the pull-up circuit and a second node. The first auxiliary voltage regulator circuit is configured to receive a control signal and the second node corresponding to a second voltage.

Abstract: A gate driving circuit comprises a plurality of shift registers coupled in serial. An nth shift register includes a driving circuit, a pull-up circuit and a first auxiliary voltage regulator circuit. The driving circuit is electrically coupled to an output node and a first node. The driving circuit is configured to receive a clock signal and output a gate signal according to the clock signal. The pull-up circuit is electrically coupled to the driving circuit. The first auxiliary voltage regulator circuit is electrically coupled to the pull-up circuit and a second node. The first auxiliary voltage regulator circuit is configured to receive a control signal and the second node corresponding to a second voltage.