Abstract: A magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) includes a first transistor and a second transistor on a substrate, a source line coupled to a first source/drain region of the first transistor, and a first metal interconnection coupled to a second source/drain region of the first transistor. Preferably, the first metal interconnection is extended to overlap the first transistor and the second transistor and the first metal interconnection further includes a first end coupled to the second source/drain region of the first transistor and a second end coupled to a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ).

Abstract: A method for providing an increased expression of at least one of telomerase, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1), CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), and an immune regulatory factor of a stem cell in a subject is provided. The method comprises simultaneously or separately administering to the subject an effective amount of (a) a phthalide and (b) a stem cell.

Abstract: A method for providing an increased expression of at least one of telomerase, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1), CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), and an immune regulatory factor of a stem cell in a subject is provided. The method comprises simultaneously or separately administering to the subject an effective amount of (a) a phthalide and (b) a stem cell.

Abstract: A method for providing an increased expression of at least one of telomerase, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1), CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), and an immune regulatory factor of a stem cell in a subject is provided. The method comprises simultaneously or separately administering to the subject an effective amount of (a) a phthalide and (b) a stem cell.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons in a subject is provided. The method comprises administrating to the subject an effective amount of an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound and combinations thereof: wherein A is a C1-C5 alkyl optionally having one or more unsaturated bonds and optionally being substituted by one or more substituents selected from a group consisting of —OH, ?O and C1-C3 alkyl; X is H, —OH, Y is O or S and can optionally combine with A to form a five-membered ring; and R1 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, wherein one or more —CH2— of the C1-C20 alkyl are optionally being replaced by —NH— or —O—.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the autophagy of motor neurons in a subject is provided. The method comprises administrating to the subject an effective amount of an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound and combinations thereof: wherein A is a C1-C5 alkyl optionally having one or more unsaturated bonds and optionally being substituted by one or more substituents selected from a group consisting of —OH, ?O and C1-C3 alkyl; X is H, —OH, Y is O or S and can optionally combine with A to form a five-membered ring; and R1 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl, wherein one or more —CH2— of the C1-C20 alkyl are optionally being replaced by —NH— or —O—.